article 10 (education): शैक्षिक गुणस्तर खस्कनुका कारण राजनीतिकरण होइन अरु नै छ

z}lIfs u'0f:t/ v:sg'sf sf/0f /fhgLlts/0f xf]Og, c? g} 5

– /fh]Gb| /fO{

cf/DeM

       xfd|f] b]zsf lzIffsf u'0f:t/ sd;n /x]sf] dfq xf]Og b'|t ultdf v:sFb} uO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fdf nueu ;j{;xdlt 5 . lsgls, xfd|f] b]zsf] k|wfgdGqLb]lv lnP/ lzIffdGqL, lzIfsx?, /fhgLlts kf6L{sf g]tfx?n] z/d gdfgLsg pQm s'/fnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ?kdf cf]sNb} / :jLsfb}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . t/, lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ sd;n x'g' / v:sFb} hfg'sf] sf/0f s] xf] eGg] ;jfndf eg] dtx? 5/kli6Psf 5g\ . Psy/L dflg;x?sf] dt 5 ælzIffsf] u'0f:t/ v:sg'sf] k|d'v sf/0f eg]sf] lzIff If]qd ePsf] /fhgLlts/0f xf]Æ. pgLx?n] cfkm\gf] dtnfO{ k'li6 ug{ sg'} bdbf/ ts{x? t pEofpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ t/ klg pgLx?sf] k|:t'lt olt rsf]{ / cfqmds 5 ls, h;sf] ljkIfdf af]Ng h;t;n]n ;fx;} ug{ ;Sb}g / s;}n] af]nL xfn] klg p;sf] af]nL dw'/f] / dn'jf ;fljt x'g] ;Defjgf 5 . h;n] ubf{, Psflt/ ;Totf cf]em]ndf kg]{ ;+efjgf eO/x]sf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ z}lIfs ;d'bfo jf ljBfyL{, lzIfs / sd{rf/x?n] ug]{ ultljlwx? ab\gfldt x'g] vt/f pTkgg eO/x]sf] 5 . t;y{, o; n]v dfkm{t lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ v:sg'sf] jf:tljs sf/0fsf] ;DaGwdf 5nkmnnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 .

zAbsf] unt k|of]u, cf/f]k / k|ltlqmofM

      

5nkmnsf] cf/Ded} s] s'/f p7fpg ;lsG5 eg], xfd|f] b]zdf z}lIfs u'0f:t/ v:sg'sf] sf/0f /fhgLlts/0f xf] eGg]x?dWo] clwsfFzn] /fhgLlts/0f eGg] zAb jf ljifonfO{ unt 9Ën] k|of]u ug]{ jf unt ljifo;Fu hf]8]/ a'em\g] / lj/f]w ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . h:tf] ls, Psy/L dflg;x?n] lzIff If]qdf x'g] ;Qf x:tIf]k, kf6L{s/0f jf /fhgLlts x:tIf]knfO{ klg /fhgLlts/0fsf] gfd lbP/ lj/f]w ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . cjZo klg, lzIff If]qdf x'g] ;Qf x:tIf]k, kf6L{s/0f jf /fhgLlts x:tIf]k lj/f]whGo s'/fx? x'g\, t/ tL s'/fx?nfO{ /fhgLlts/0f eGg ldNb}g lsgls, ltgLx?sf] cy{ / /fhgLlts/0fsf] cy{df w]/} 7"nf] leGgtf 5 . t;y{, lzIff If]qdf x'g] ;Qf x:tIf]k, kf6L{s/0f / /fhgLlts x:tIf]ksf] lj/f]w ubf{ /fhgLlts/0f eGg] zAbsf] k|of]u ug{ ldNb}g jf pko'Qm x'Fb}g .

       csf]{y/L s]xL dflg;x?n]  rflxF, lzIff If]qdf kf6L{–/fhgLlt ul/Psf] eGg] a'emfOsf] cfwf/df jf To:tf] cf/f]k nufpFb} /fhgLlts/0fsf] lj/f]w ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . t/ kf6L{ /fhgLlt / /fhgLlts/0f klg Pp6} s'/f xf]Ogg\, o; laifodf w]/} s'/f eGg ;lsG5, t/ To; s'/fnfO{ cfkm\gf] 7fpFdf yfFtL /fv]/ d'Vo ljifo jf lzIff If]qdf kf6L{ /fhgLlt ul/Psf] eGg] ;jfndf hfg]  xf] eg] 7f8} eGg ;lsG5, of] s'/f ;/f;/ em'6 / e|d l;jfo c? s]xL klg xf]Og . lsgeg], lzIff If]qdf kf6L{ /fhgLlt jf /fhgLlts bnx?sf] ultljlw s;}af6 klg jf ljBfyL{, lzIfs, sd{rf/L sf]xLaf6 klg x'g] u/]sf] 5}g, Toltdfq xf]Og eljiodf ;d]t To:tf] ul/g] ;+efjgf 5}g . t;y{, lzIff If]qdf kf6L{ /fhgLlt jf kf6L{x?sf] ultljlw ul/Psf] a'emfOsf cfwf/df jf To:tf] cf/f]k nufP/ /fhgLlts/0fsf] s'/f p7fpg / lj/f]w ug{ kfOFb}g jf ldNb}g .

       sltko dflg;x?n] rflxF, z}lIfs ;d'bfosf] jf ljBfyL{, lzIfs / sd{rf/Lx?sf] ultljlwx? k|ToIf kf6L{ /fhgLlt;Fu ;DalGwt geP klg ltgLx? d"ntM /fhgLlts p2]Zosf nflu x'g] u/]sf 5g\ jf ljBfyL{, lzIfs / sd{rf/Lx? d"ntM /fhgLlts p2]Zosf nflu ;+ul7t / ;lqmo x'g] u/]sf 5g\ eGg] cf/f]k nufpg] jf a'em\g] / lj/f]w ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . of] s'/f klg d"n ?kdf ;Tok/s 5}g, lsgeg], ljBfyL{, lzIfs / sd{rf/Lx?sf ultljlwx? / ;lqmotf /fhgLlts p2]Zosf nflu ;Fw} xf]Og slxn]sfxLF x'g] u/sf 5g\ .

       slxn]sfxLF dfq} eP klg ljBfyL{, lzIfs / sd{rf/Lx? /fhgLlts p2]Zosf nflu ;lqmo x'g] jf pgLx?n] cfkm\gf] ultljlw / ;lqmotfnfO{ /fhgLlts p2]Zosf nflu cl3 a9fpg' l7s ls a]l7s eGg] s'/fdf ljrf/ ug]{ xf] eg] Tof] xd]zf ;fk]lIfs x'G5 jf kl/l:yltdf lge{/ /xG5 cyjf ;fdfGo kl/l:yltdf jf ;a} s'/fx? l7s 9Ën] rln/x]sf] cj:yfdf klg To;f] ul/G5 eg] To;nfO{ plrt dfGg ;lsGg, t/ c;fdfGo kl/l:yltdf jf d'n'sdf uDeL/ /fhgLlts ;d:of / ;+s6 pTkGg ePsf] cj:yfdf jf ljleGg gsf/fTds /fhgLlts 36gfx? 3l6/x]sf] cj:yfdf ljBfyL{, lzIfs / sd{rf/Lx? klg d'n'ssf] lhDd]jf/ gful/sx? ePsf]n], cem eGg] xf] eg] ;r]t gful/s ePsf] x}l;otn] / To:tf /fhgLlts ;d:of, ;+s6 / 36gfx?n] d'n's, ;dfh, z}lIfs If]q / :jod\ z}lIfs ;d'bfo jf z}lIfs ;d'bfosf x/]s ;b:o r'k nfu]/ a:g ldNb}g jf x'Fb}g . t;y{, To:tf] kl/l:ylt jf cj:yfdf z}lIfs ;d'bfon] k9fO–n]vfOnfO{ Psflt/ yfFtL /fv]/ jf sd dxTj lbP/ /fhgLlts sfd p2]ZonfO{ k|d'v agfP/ cl3 a9\g'k5{ jf To;f] ul/g' plrt x'G5 / To;nfO{ s;}n] cGoyf dfGg / lj/f]w ug{ x'Fb}g .

       t/, ;fFrf] / dggLo s'/f s] xf] eg], Psflt/ t o:tf] kl/l:ylt slxn]sfxLF dfq cfpF5 eg] csf]{lt/ o:tf] kl/l:ylt gcfPsf] a]nf ljBfyL{, lzIfs / sd{rf/Lx?sf ultljlw / ;lqmotf /fhgLlts p2]Zosf nflu s]lGb|t gx'g] ePsf]n] To:tf] cf/f]k nufP/ jf To:tf] a'emfO{ /fv]/ lj/f]w ug{ ldNb}g .

       Pp6f 7"n} k+lQmn] rflxF ljBfyL{, lzIfs / sd{rf/Lx?sf ;fd'bflos, k]zfut / z}lIfs lxt;Fu ;DalGwt ultljlw jf /fhgLlts/0fsf] ?kdf a'em\g], lrlGxt ug]{ jf cf/f]k nufpg] / ltgLx?sf] lj/f]w ug]{ ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . of] a'emfO{ / cf/f]k lans'n unt dfq xf]Og cToGt} cfklQhgs ;d]t 5 . lsgls, Psflt/ t ;fd'bflos, k]zfut / z}lIfs lxt;Fu hf]l8Psf] ultljlwx? / /fhgLlts sfddf ;fx|} 7"nf] leGgtf 5 eg] csf]{lt/ To:tf ultljlw / ;lqmotf z}lIfs u'0f:t/sf nflu afws xf]Og ;fws x'g] ub{5 . lsgeg], To:tf ultljlwx? / ;lqmotf jf tL ljifox?;Fu ;DalGwt cfGbf]ngx? k|efjsf/L / ;zQm aGg ;Sof] eg] s}of}F dxTjk"0f{ pknlAwx? k|fKt x'g ;S5g\ cyf{t\ lzIffsf] u'0f:t/sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ z}lIfs–ef}lts ;fdu|Lx?sf] Joj:yf ug{, of]Uo lzIfsx?sf] Joj:yf ug{, z}lIfs jftfj/0fnfO{ :jR5, agfpg, k7gkf7gnfO{ lgoldt, Jojl:yt / /fd|f] agfpg tyf cGo  z}lIfs ;d:ofx? x6fpgb]lv lnP/ z}lIfs gLlt, sfo{qmd, kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts cflbnfO{ ;d]t abNg ;+ej x'g]5 / lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ /fd|f] aGg ;Sg]5 .

zAbsf] ;xL cy{ / k|ltlqmofM

       jf:tjdf, /fhgLlts/0fsf] vf; cy{ dflg;x?nfO{ /fhgLlts r]tgf jf 1fg lbg', /fhgLlts ;+:sf/–;+s[lt / Jojxf/ l;sfpg', Psd'i6df c;n /fhgLlts k|f0fL agfpg' / /fhgLltsf nflu /fd|f] kl/j]z agfpg' eGg] xf] . p; cy{df /fhgLlts/0fsf] lj/f]w ug{ s;/L ldN5 < lans'n ldNb}g . lsgeg], /fhgLlt o:tf] ljifo xf] Psflt/ o;sf] cl:tTj / ;fj{ef}lds / zfZjt -;dfhdf ju{sf] cl:tTj /x];Dd_ 5 jf /xg]5 / csf]{lt/ o;n] k|efljt gkfg]{ s'g} If]q / ljifo x'Fb}g, a? To:tf] k|efj sxLF k|ToIf / sxLF ck|ToIf 9Ën] kg{ cnu s'/f xf] . o; s'/fnfO{ cln lj:tf/df / csf]{ 9Ën] eGg'kbf{, ah;Dd ;dfhdf ju{x?sf] cl:tTj /xg]5 Tof] a]nf;Dd /fHo / /fHo;Qfsf] cl:tTj /xg]5, Tof] a]nf;Df /fhgLltsf] cl:tTj /xg]5 -hxfF;Dd ju{, /fHo / /fHo;QfljxLg ;dfhsf] s'/f 5 Tof] cfheGbf nfvf}F aif{ cufl8sf] hËnL o'udf /x]sf] / km]l/ efljiodf nfvf}F aif{ kl5 ;+;f/el/ ;fDojfb cfPkl5 x'g] s'/f ljZjsf dxfg bfz{lgs sfn{dfS;{n] ug'{ePsf] 5_ / csf]{lt/ ha;Dd /fhgLltsf] cl:tTj /xg]5 ta;Dd o;n] cGo x/]s If]qnfO{ s'g} g s'g} ?kdf / s'g} g s'g} dfqfdf clgjfo{ ?kn] k|efljt ul//xg]5 . o;af6 z}lIfs If]q j z}lIfs ;d'bfo klg c5'tf] / ckjfb x'g ;Sb}g .

       z}lIfs ;d'bfosf ;b:ox? /fhgLltaf6 vf;u/L b'O{ 9Ën] k|efljt x'g] ub{5g\ . Ps, b]zdf h:tf] /fhgLlts Joj:yf / cj:yf x'G5 To:t} vfnsf] lzIff gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmdx? aGg] ePsf]n] / tL s'/fx?af6 z}lIfs If]q / z}lIfs ;d'bfo k|efljt x'g' clgjfo{ 5, bf];|f], /fhgLlts Joj:yf / cj:yf cg';f/ g} ;fdflhs, cfly{s wfld{s, eflifs, ;fF:s[lts, n}lËs, If]qut, gful/s–gLlt, of]hgf /sfo{qmd aGg], ;dfh / b]zsf] cj:yf klg lgwf{/0f ug]{ ePsf] / tL s'/fx?n] z}lIfs ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?nfO{ ;dfhsf] ;b:osf ?kdf / b]zsf] gful/ssf] ?kdf k|efljt kfg]{ ub{5 . o;sf] dtnj, rfx] z}lIfs ;d'bfosf] ;b:osf] ?kdf xf];\ rfx] z}lIfs ;d'bfosf] ;b:osf] ?kdf jf b]zsf gful/ssf] ?kdf xf];\ x/]sf ljBfyL{, lzIfs / sd{rf/Lx?sf nflu /fhgLlt clt g} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5, To;f] ePsf]n] /fhgLlts Joj:yf / cj:yf l7s agfpgsf nflu plrt of]pubfg ug{ pgLx?sf] klg bfloTj x'G5 / ;xL 9 x'G5 / ;xL 9Ën] o:tf] sfd /fhgLlts/0f ePsf] JolQmn] dfq ug{ ;S5 .

z}lIfs ;d'bfon] ug]{ /fhgLltsf] oyfyf{tfM

       z}lIfs ;d'bfosf] ultljlw / ;lqmotfnfo{ unt 9Ën] /fhgLlts/0f;F hf]l8Psf] s'/fsf] lj/f]w dfly ulPsf] eP klg To;sf] cy{ z}lIfs ;d'bfo /fhgLltaf6 lans'n 6f9f /xFb} cfPsf] 5g\ / /xg'k5{ eGg] xf]Og . cjZo klg, pgLx?n] /fhgLlts sfdx? klg w]/–yf]/ ?kdf ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . o;f] eGbfeGb} klg dfly pNn]v ul/P h:t} pgLx?n] z}lIfs ;+:yfleq kf6L{ /fhgLlt jf kf6L{sf ultljlwx? ub}{gg\, ljz]if kl/l:yltdf afx]s /fhgLlts sfd / p2]Zonfo{ k|d'v ;d]t agfpFb}gg\  cyf{t\ cfkm\gf] ;fd'bflos, k]zfut / z}lIfs ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox?nfO{ g} k|d'v agfpg] ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ .

       z}lIfs ;d'bfon] ug]{ sfdx? d"ntM /fhgLlts cf:yfsf] cfwf/df ;+ul7t x'g], cfkm\gf] /fhgLlt cf:yf jf gLlt, l;4fGt, ljrf/, sfo{qmd cflbsf] k|rf/k|;f/ / AofVof ug]{, c?sf] jf cfkm"nfO{ unt nfu]sf] /fhgLlts dfGotf, gLlt, l;4fGt, ljrf/, sfo{qmd, sfd cflbsf] v08g / lj/f]w ug]{, ljleGg 9Ën] cfkm\gf] ;+u7g lj:tf/ ug]{, ljleGg /fhgLlts ljifox?df wf/0ff agfpg] / ;fj{hlgs ug]{, /fhgLlts cf:yfs} cfwf/df kf6L{x?sf] ;dy{g jf lj/f]w ug]{, cfkm"n] ;dy{g u/]sf] kf6L{sf] / To;sf] ljrf/, l;4fGt, sfo{qmd cflbsf] k|rf/k|;f/ / AofVof ug]{, To; kf6L{nfO{ ljlegg ;dodf ;xof]u ug]{, ljz]if ljifo / kl/l:yltdf /fhgLlts cleofg / cfGbf]ng ;~rfng ug]{ cflb x'g\ . oL ;a} sfdx? cfkm\gf] a'emfO{ / ljzjf;sf] cfwf/df b]zsf] /fhgLlts Joj:yf / cj:yfnfO{ l7s agfpg / dflg;x?nfO{ /fhgLlts/0f ug{sf nflu ul/Psf x'gfn] o;sf=] lj/f]w ug{ plrt x'Gg . o; ;DaGwdf yk ts{ ul//xg' h?/L 5}g, lsgeg], /fhgLlts0f, /fhgLltsf] dxTj jf /fhgLlts Joj:yf / cj:yfn] kfg]{ k|efjsf] af/]df dfly g} rrf{ eO;s]sf] 5 .

ljz]if yk b'O{ cf/f]kM

       lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ v:sg'sf] d'Vo sf/0f /fhgLlts/0f xf] eGg]x?sf] b'O{ j6f ljz]if cf/f]kx? 5g\M

klxnf] cf/f]k 5, ljBfyL{, lzIfs / sd{rf/Lx?sf] ultljlw / ;lqmotf h'g;'s} sd{rf/Lx?sf] ultljlw / ;lqmotf h'g;'s} p2]Zosf nflu ul/Psf] eP klg To:tf ultljlw / ;lqmotfsf] sf/0f z}lIfs ;+:yfx?df em}–emu8f, ljlegg sfo{qmd, cfGbf]ng cflb eO/xg] x'gfn] z}lIfs jftfj/0f vnalnG5, ljleGg ;dodf k9fO–n]vfOdf afwf k'U5 / z}lIfs u'0f:t/ vl:sG5 . em§ ;'Gbf of] s'/f l7s} h:tf] nfUg;S5, t/ ulxl/P/ x]g]{ xf] eg], o; s'/fdf klg s'g} bd 5}g .

       klxnf] s'/f t, em}–emu8f x'G5 eGg] ts{ ug]{x?n] /fhgLlts/0fsf] jf:tljs cy{, dxTj / ;+3–;+u7gx?n] lgjf{x ug]{ e"ldsfnfO{ a'em\g / cfTd;ft ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . lsgls, dfly elgP h:t} lzIff If]qnfO{ /fhgLlt/0f ug'{ eg]sf] /fhgLltof]Uo agpg' xf] / d"ntM z}lIfs ;d'bfonfO{+ ;}4flGts / Jofjxfl/s ?kn] /fhgLlts k|f0fLsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug'{ xf] .

       ca oxfF ts{ ug{ ;lsG5, ha jftfj/0f /fhgLltof]Uo aGg'sf ;fy} dflg;x? /fhgLlts k|f0fLsf] ?kdf ljsf; x'G5g\ eg] ToxfF em}–emu8f x'g] xf]Og gx'g] ;+efjgf a9L x'G5 . lsgls, Pp6f kl/kSj /fhgLlts k|f0fLn] ljkIfLx?sf] cl:tTjnfO{ / ultljlwx?nfO{ krfpg] dfq xf]Og ;Ddfg ug]{, cfkm"k|ltsf] lj/f]w / cfnf]rgfnfO{ ;xg], :jR5, k|lt:kwf{nfO{ ?rfpg], hLt–xf/nfO{ ;xh 9Ën] lng] ub{5 . To;}u/L, cfkm" / cfkm\gf] ;+:yf ab\gfd x'G5 eGg] efjgfsf] sf/0f em}–emu8f ug{ grfxg] x'G5 . a?, h; lngsf nflu em}–emu8f lgoGq0f ug{ sf]lzz ug{kl§ nfU5, jf To;f] ug'{ cfkm\gf] bfloTj 7fG5 . t/, c/fhgLlts jf Go"g /fhgLlts k|f0fL To:tf] x'Fb}g .

       kl/0ffddf x]g]{ xf] eg] klg hlxn] klg z}lIfs ;+:yfx?df em–emu8fx? Go"g /fhgLlts r]gtfsf] jf r]tgf z"Gotfsf] sf/0fn] j hxfF ljBfyL{ ;+u7g / o'lgogx? sdhf]/ 5g\ j ltgLx?sf] cl:tTj 5}g jf ltgLx?sf] g]t[Tj c/fhgLlts dflg;x?sf] xftdf 5 ToxfF a9L] em}–emu8f eO/xg], ;fwf/0f / dlxnf ljBfyL{x?n] dfq xf]Og lzIfs, sd{rf/Lx?n] ;d]t c;'/lIft x'g'kg]{ l:ylt b]lvPsf] 5 . t;y{, /fhgLlts/0fsf] sf/0f jf ljBfyL{, lzIfs, sd{rf/Lx?sf] ultljlw / ;lqmotfsf] sf/0f lzIff If]qdf em}–emu8f x'G5 eGg' plrt x'Gg .

       hxfF;Dd ljBfyL{, lzIfs / sd{rf/Lx?sf] ultljlw / ;lqmotf jf sfo{qmd / cfGbf]ng cflbsf sf/0f k9fOdf afwf k'Ug] eGg] ;jfn 5, oyfy{df To:tf] afwf slt g} k'U5 / < Psbd} gu0o dfq . cem, tYodf uP/ x]g]{ jf eGg] xf] eg], Ps aif{df d'lZsnn] !% lbgeGbf a9L ;do k9fOdf afwf k'Ub}g . ljz]if kl/l:yltdf slxn]sfxLF Tof]eGbf a9L klg k9fOdf afwf k'Ug] ;+efjgf x'G5, t/ ljz]if kl/l:yltsf] s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ agfpg ldNb}g, lsgeg] To:tf] ljz]if kl/l:ylt eGg] s'/f aiff}{+ aif{df slxn]sfxLF dfq cfpg] u5{ . s;}n] of]eGbf a9L ;do k9fOdf afwf k'U5 jf k9fO{ x'g ;Sb}g eGg] s'/f u5{ eg] Tof] ljns'n clt/~hgfk"0f{ / unt s'/f xf] .

       ca, k|Zg ug{ ;lsG5, s] aif{df !% lbg k9fO–n]vfOdf afwf k'Ug] jf jf gk'Ug] s'/fn] g} lzIffsf] u'0f:t/df cfgsf] tfg km/s kfg{ ;S5 < olb ;S5 eg], Tof] !% lbgx? cGo ljleGg tl/sfn] se/ ug{ ;lsg] dfq xf]Og c? w]/} j6f !% lbgx? k9fO–n]vfOsf nflu yk ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t}, hf8f]–udL{ ljbf, bz}F–ltxf/ ljbf cyjf bz}F / ltxf/aLrsf] !% lbgsf] ljbf, zlgjf/] ljbf, k/LIffsf] ljbf cflbnfO{ s6fP/ .

       ToxL !% lbg klg lsg afwf k'¥ofpg] t eg]/ k|Zg ug]{ xf] eg] o;sf] hjfkm dfly g} oy]i6 ?kdf cfO;s]sf] 5 . t/ klg Pp6f s'/fnfO{ oxfF bf]x¥ofpg pko'Qm x'G5, ljBfyL{, lzIfs / sd{rf/Lx?sf ultljlw / ;lqmotfsf sf/0f To:tf s}of}F dxTjk"0f{ k|fKt ug{ ;lsg]5 h'g pknlAwx? To:tf ultljlw / ;lqmotfsf sf/0f k9fOdf k'u]sf] afwf / 3f6f k"lt{ ug{ dfq xf]Og Tof]eGbf s}of}F u'0ff kmfObfhgs x'g]5g\ .

       kl/0ffd / tYonfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg], xfdL b]Vg ;S5f}F, ljBfyL{, lzIfs / sd{rf/Lx?sf clnslt klg ultljlw / ;lqmotf gx'g] jf sd x'g] ;'b'/ kxf8L lhNnfx?sf sn]h–:s"nx?df To:tf ultljlw / ;lqmotf x'g] zx/sf sn]h–:s"nx?df hlQsf] klg z}lIfs u'0f:t/ /fd|f] 5}g . o;af6 s] k'li6 x'G5 eg], ljBfyL{, lzIfs / sd{rf/Lx?sf] ultljlw / ;lqmotf lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ v:sg'sf] sf/0f xf]Og .

       csf]{ 9Ën] ts{ ug]{ xf] eg], aif{df !% lbg t /fhkl/jf/sf ljb]z e|d0f, hGdf]T;j cflb sf/0fn] klg k9fO–n]vfO{ aGb x'g;S5 / Tof]eGbf a9L ;do rflxF /fhfn] k6s k6s k|hftGq vf]:g] u/]sf]n]n To;sf] lj?4 x'g] cfGbf]ngsf sf/0f k9fOdf afwf k'lu/x]sf] 5, o;sf] cfwf/df /fhtGqsf] cGTosf] cfjfh lsg p7fO/x]sf 5}gg\, ljBfyL{, lzIfs / sd{rf/Lx?sf ultljlw / ;lqmotfsf lj/f]w ug]{x?n] <

       bf];|f] cf/f]k 5, ljleGg ;+3–;+u7gx?sf ultljlwdf ;lqmo x'g] ljBfyL{x?sf] k9fO{ lju|G5, ltgLx? k9\b}gg\–k9\g EofpFb}gg\, lzIfsx? /fd|f];Fu k9fpFb}gg\ / sd{rf/Lx? sfd ub}{gg\ . o:tf] s'/f cf+lzs ?kdf x'g;S5, t/ of] clgjfo{ / d"n s'/f xf]Og, ckjfb / ljlu|Psf] kf6f] dfq xf] . cfd jf d'Vo kf6f] jf x'g'kg]{ ;sf/fTds kf6f]sf] s'/f ug]{ xf] eg], ;+3–;+u7gx?df nfUg] dflg;x? c?eGbf emg\ lhDd]jf/, w]/}sf] gh/df kg]{ jf w]/}sf] gh/df v/f] pqg' kg]{, c?sf nflu pbfx/0fLo / k|]/0ffbfoL aGg'kg]{, c?af6 ;Ddflgt x'gsf nflu of]Uotf k|bz{g ug'{kg]{, cfkm\gf] ;+3–;+u7gaf6 x'g] cfGtl/s d"NofÍgdf klg v/f] pqg'kg]{, x'g;Sg] sfjf{xLaf6 hf]lug'kg]{, cfGtl/s k|lt:kwf{df c?nfO{ pl5Gg'kg]{ h:tf sf/0fx?n] ubf{ pgLx?nfO{  Psflt/ x/]s sfd /fd|f] ug'{kg]{ bafa xd]zf kl//xG5 eg] csf]{lt/ pgLx? cfkm}af6 klg To;f] ug'{nfO{ cfkm\gf] st{Jo 7fG5g\, olb v/fa dfG5] xf]Og eg] . o;sf] dtna, pgLx?af6 k9\g]–k9fpg] / k9fO;Fu ;DalGwt cGo sfdx? /fd|f];Fu x'g] u5{ / z}lIfs u'0f:t/ /fd|f] x'g] u5{, oxfF km]l/ klg bf]x¥ofpg pko'Qm x'G5, olb s;}n] ;+3–;+u7gnfO{ 7uL vfg] efF8f] agfpg rfxFb}g eg] .

       csf]{ kIfaf6 s'/f ug]{ xf] eg], lzIff eg]sf] ljtfaL 1fg kfpg' dfq xf]Og, aflx/L / Jofjxfl/s 1fg kfpg' lzIffsf] dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf], ;+3–;+u7gdf nfUg] ljBfyL{x?n] cjZo klg y'k|} aflx/L / Jofjxfl/s 1fg kfpg ;S5, p;df cfTdljZjf; a9\g hfG5, p;df af7f]kg cfpg;S5, h;n] ubf{ p;sf] :t/ / Ifdtf a9\g uO{ sf];{sf] k9fO–n]vfO{ klg ;lhnf] x'g;S5 . oL ;a} s'/fx?n] ubf{ ljBfyL{x?sf] u'0f:t/ a9\g hfG5 .

z}lIfs u'0f:t/ v:sg'sf jf:tljs sf/0fx?M

lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ v:sg'sf] d'Vo / lg0ff{os sf/0fx?  c? g} 5g\ . tLdWo] ;a}eGbf klxnf] / d'Vo sf/0f eg]sf] lzIff :jod\ lgsDdf jf u'0f:t/xLg x'g' xf] . xfd|f] b]zdf s]xL yf]/} ljifox? / s]xL yf]/} ljBfyL{x?n] lng] lzIff afx]s ax';+Vos ljBfyL{x?n] lng] lzIff lgsDdf jf u'0f:t/xLg 5 .

       lzIffn] d"ntM rf/ j6f sfd ug'{k5{, Ps–lzIffyL{sf] dfgl;s ljsf; ug]{, To;sf nflu ;sf/fTds r]t k|bfg ug]{, k|fl1s / Jofjxfl/s 1fg lbg], b'O{–zfl//Ls ljsf; ug]{, To;sf nflu ;}4flGts / Jofjxfl/s 1fg lbg], tLg–cfTdlge{/ aGg ;xof]u ug]{ jf ;Ifd agfpg], To;sf nflu lzIffyL{nfO{ /fHo, ;dfh jf u}/;/sf/L If]qsf nflu cfjZos jf ltgLx?n] /f]huf/L lbg]-ahf/df ljsfpm_ hgzlQmsf] ?kdf ?kfGt/0f ug]{ jf olb /fHo, ;dfh / u}/;/sf/L If]qn] /f]huf/L lbPg eg] klg cfkm}n] cfkm\gf] nflu /f]huf/L l';h{gf ug{ ;Sg] gful/s agfpg], o;sf nflu klg ;}4flGts / Jofjxfl/s 1fg lbg'k5{, o:tf] lzIff d"ntM Jofj;flos, ;Lkd"ns, k|fljlws, k]zfut x'g;S5, rf/–;dfh, /fi6«sf] nflu of]Uo gful/s / hgzlQm pTkfbg ug'{k5{, To;sf nflu ljBfyL{x?nfO{ ;Eo / ;';+:s[t agfpg], ;dfh / /fHo ;~rfng Joj:yfkg Pjd\ ;]jfd"ns sfdx? ug{;Sg] agfpg] / ;aeGbf a9L t sd{zLn jf pTkfbgd'vL jf pTkfbgdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg], ljleGg vf]h–cg';Gwfg ug]{, dfgjLo hgzlQm tyf pTkfbgsf] ;fwgx?sf] kl/rfng ug{;Sg], b]zsf] ;|f]t–;fwgx?nfO{ pkof]udf Nofpg, ljleGg of]hgfx? agfpg, ljleGg k]zf–Joj;fo ug{ hfGg] jf ;Sg] hgzlQmsf] ?kdf kl/0ft ug'{k5{ .

       t/, xfd|f] b]zdf ax';+Vos ljBfyL{x?n] lng] lzIff To:tf] 5}g . kl/0ffdtM xfd|f] b]zdf lzIffn] g ljBfyL{nfO{ b}glGbgsf] sfd jf Jojxf/df ;xof]u g} u5{ g /f]huf/ g} agfpF5 . o;sf] dtna, xfd|f] b]zsf] lzIff hlt g} /fd|f];Fu u|x0f ug{ sf]lzz u/] klg nAwfÍkqdf pRr cÍ k|fKt ug{ afx]s u'0f:t/ k|fKt ug{ ;lsGg . of] Pp6f kIf xf] . To;}u/L csf]{ kIf s] 5 eg], lzIff lgsDdf ePsf] sf/0f ljBfyL{x?sf] dgdf /fd|f];Fu k9]/ s] kf] x'G5 / jf h;t;f] kf; x'Fbf eOxfN5 lg eGg] efjgf hfU5, clg lzIffk|lt ljBfyL{x?sf] ?lr, nufj, cfsif{0f / hfFu/ k'/} 36]/ hfG5 jf sd} dfq afFsL /xG5 . o:tf] ePkl5 lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ /fd|f] x'g] t s'/} cfpFb}g . lsgeg], lzIffsf] l;4fGt g} 5, s'g} klg l;sfO{ k|efjsf/L x'gsf nflu ;a}eGbf klxnf] / d'Vo zt{ xf]  ;aeGbf klxnf ljBfyL{x? l;Sgsf nflu dfgl;s ?kdf tof/ x'g', olb of] zt{ k'/f ePg eg] cGo kIf hlt g} l7s7fs eP klg l;sfO{ k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sb}g . of] s'/f t, ladf/Ln] df8 vfP kf] wfdL jf 8fS6/sf] s]xL nfU5 eGg] pvfgaf6 klg a'em\g ;lsG5 .

       To;}u/L, of]Uo lzIfsx?sf] oyf]lrt Joj:yf gx'g' klg lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ v:sg'sf] csf]{ sf/0f xf] . elg/xg' gknf{, k9fO–n]vfO k|efjsf/L agfpsf nflu lzIfsx?sf] cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . lsgeg], Psflt/ t ljBfyL{x?n] lzIfsx?;Fu ePsf] 1fg–ljBf g} l;Sg] xf] eg] csf]{lt/ kf7\ok':ts nufot cGo z}lIfs ;fdu|L jf ;fwgx?af6 ljBfyL{x?n] 1fg–ljBf k|fKt ug{ klg lzIfsx?sf] ;xof]u / dfu{bz{g h?/L kb{5 . Toltdfq xf]Og, ljBfyL{x?nfO{ k9\gsf] nflu k|]l/t ug]{, k9\g nufpg], ljBfyL{x?sf] JolQmut Ifdtf, cj:yf cflbsf] klxrfg u/L To;} cg';f/ plrt 9Ën] lzIff lbg], k9fO–n]vfO ;DaGwL ljlegg ;d:ofx? xn ug{sf nflu ;xof]u / kxn ug]{ h:tf sfdx? lzIfsx?af6 x'g ;S5 .

       t/, xfd|f] b]zdf of]Uo lzIfsx?sf] cefj 5, vf/u/L cfjZostf cg';f/sf] lzIfsx? pTkfbg ug]{ ljz]if ;/sf/L gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd / ;+:yfx? gePsf] sf/0f ;fdfGo JolQm jf ;fdfGo lzIff k|fKt dflg;x? g} lzIfs aGg] dfq xf]Og Pp6f ljifosf JolQm csf]{ ljifosf lzIfs aGg'kg]{, cj:yf Psflt/ 5 eg] csf]{lt/ lzIf0f k]zf / z}lIfs If]qdf ;'ljwf / ;'/Iff-hfuL/ / cGo ljleGg_ sf] /fd|f] Joj:yf gePsf] sf/0f s]xL ckjfb afx]s clwsfFz dflg;x? cGo ljsNksf] cefjdf jf afWotfjz dfq lzIf0f k]zfdf k|j]z ug]{ ePsf]n] clwsfFz of]Uo dflg;x? cGoq} hfg] jf lzIf0f k]zfdf gcfpg], cfPsfx?n] hf]z–hfFu/sf;fy sfd gug]{, ;Fw}el/ cGoq c? g} cj;/ vf]lh/xg], PseGbf a9L 7fpFx?df k9fpg], cGo k]zfdf klg xft xfNg] h:tf] cj:yf 5 . Toltdfq xf]Og, lzIfsx?sf] 5gf}6 ljlw j}1flgs / ljZj;gLo gePsf] sf/0f bafa, x:tIf]k, rfs/L / cGo unt tl/sfåf/f sltko unt dflg;x? klg lzIf0f k]zfdf cfpg] t/ of]Uo dflg;x? rflxF /f]lsg'kg]{ cj:yf klg 5 . To;}u/L, 5gf}6df k/]sf / jxfnjfnf jf sfo{/t lzIfsx?sf] of]Uotf a[l4sf nflu jf k'gtf{huLsf] nflu yk cWoog-lzIfsx?nfo{ klg yk k9\g] Joj:yf ug]{_ / oyf]lrt tflndsf] Joj:yf 5}g . csf]{lt/, hlt lzIfsx? 5g\ ltgLx?sf] sfdsf] plrt lg/LIf0f, cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug]{ / sfdsf] cfwf/df b08 jf k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf 5}g, h;n] ubf{, sltko lzIfsx?n]\ /fd|f];Fu sfd gug]{, Tof;] ubf{ klg 5'6 kfpg] / Tof] b]v]/ c? klg lg?T;flxt x'g] / ;du+|tfdf lzIfx?n] /fd|f];Fu cfkm\gf] sfd gu/] klg x'g] l:lt ljBfdf 5 . kUbf] lzIfs gePsf] sf/0f Pp6} lzIfsn] w]/} ljifo, w]/} lkl/o8 / sIff sf]7fdf w]/} ljBfyL{x? /fv]/ k9fpg'kg]{ cj:yf 5 . oL ;a}sf] kl/0ffd l;Sg] / l;sfpg] sfd /fd|f];Fu x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g / lzIffsf] u'0f:t/df k|lts'n c;/ kl//x]sf] 5 .

       ef}lts–z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx?sf] cefj klg xfd|f] b]zsf] lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ v:sg'sf] Pp6f sf/0f xf] . xfd|f clwsfFz z}lIfs ;+:yfx?df plrt vfnsf] ejg, rs–8:6/, af]8{, 8]:s–a]Grb]lv lnP/ k|of]ufTds ;fdfgx?, k':tsfno jf k':tsfndf k':tsx?sf] cefj5, Toltdfq xf]Og sltko kf7\ok':ts, cGo ;xof]uL k':ts / ljleGg z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx? ahf/df ;d]t kfpg / g;lsg] cj:yf 5 .

       lzIf0f ljlw pko'Qm gx'g' klg lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ v:sg'sf] csf]{ sf/0f xf] . xfd|f] b]zsf] lzIf0f ljlw pko'Qm 5}g eGg] s'/f t oxfF rf/ aif]{ afnaflnsfsf nflu lbOg] k|f/lDes lzIff / pkNnf] tx/df kl/kSj ljBfyL{x?sf nflu lbOg] ljlzi6 :t/sf] lzIff nflu klg nueu Pp6} lsl;dsf] lzIf0f ljlw cjnDag eO/x]sf] s'/faf6 klg ;xh} a'em\g ;lsG5 . cem o;nfO{  lj:tf/df eGg] xf] eg], xfd|f] b]zsf] lzIf0f ljlw Ps} k|sf/sf], lj/l;nf], lzIfsn] l;sfpg'kg]{ t/ ljBfyL{x?n] gl;s] klg jf ghfg] klg x'g], l;sfO{ k|lqmofdf lzIfs dfq ;lqmo x'g'kg]{ -dfgf}F ;a} sfd p;s} nflu dfq eO/x]sf] h:tf] 9Ën]_, lzIfsdfly k"0f{ lge{/ / ljZj:t x'g'kg]{ jf ljBfyL{n] s'g} vf]h, cg';Gwfg, hfFrk8\tfn, lrGtg–dgg\ ug'{ gkg]{, lj1fg tyf k|fljlws, ;Lkd"ns cflb ljifox?df ;d]t k|of]ufTdseGbf efif0fo'Qm l;sfO{ x'g], $ aif]{ afnaflnsfnfO{ ;d]t efif0fd"ns ljlwåf/f k9fOg], s]6f]s]6Lx?nfO{ k9fOk|lt cfslif{t u/]/ jf k|]l/t u/]/, kmsfP/, a'emfP/eGbf klg 8/–qf; b]vfP/, t;f{P/, a'emfpFb} ga'emfO{ 3f]Sg nufP/ k9fpg] vfnsf] lzIff lzIf0f ljlw xfd|f] b]zdf ljBdfg 5 . o;n] ubf{ lzIf0f / l;sfO{ k|efjsf/L x'g / lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ /fd|f] aGg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .

       xfd|f] b]zsf] kl/Iff k|0ffnL klg plrt 5}g . Ps t o;n] ljBfyL{sf] u'0f:t/ jf Ifdtf dfkg ug{ ;Sb}g eg] csf]{lt/ ljBfyL{nfO{ u'0f:t/ jf Ifdtf a[l4 ug{ clek|]l/t ug]{ jf clgjfo{ ug]{ sfd ub}{g . lsgls, s]xL yf]/} ljifox? afx]s clwsfFz ljifox? hf] ax';+Vos ljBfyL{x?n] k9\g] u5{g\, !! dxLgf c? g} sfddf cNdlnP/ jf k9fOdf xft} gxfn] klg afFsL ! dxLgf kf7\ok':ts / gf]6 3f]Sbf jf kl/Iffdf lr6 rf]g{ ;Sbf kf; ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf]  kl/Iff k|0ffnL ePsf]n] ubf{ ljBfyL{x? To;} ug{ clek|]l/t x'g] u/]sf 5g\, kl/0ffdtM ljBfyL{x? kf; eP klg lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ /fd|f] x'g ;Sb}g jf ;s]sf] 5}g .

       lzIffdf bf]xf]/f] pQ/bfloTjsf] kl/kf6L gePsf]n] ubf{ klg lzIffsf] u'0f:t/df afwf k'lu/x]sf] 5 . xfd|f] b]zdf ljBfyL{x? c;kmn eP jf pgLx?n] u'0f:t/Lo lzIff kfpg ;s]gg\ eg] To;sf] df/ lzIff lng] kIf-ljBfyL{, cleefjs_n] dfq vKg'kg]{ t/ lzIff lbg] kIf -;DalGwt z}lIfs ;+:yf–lgsfo, lzIfs, k|zf;g÷k|zf;s cflb_n] s'g} lhDd]jf/L lng' gkg]{ vfnsf] jf Psf]xf]/f] pQ/bfloTjsf] kl/kf6L xfd|f] b]zdf /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . of] kl/kf6Lsf sf/0f Psflt/ lzIff lbg] kIf uDeL/ gaGg] ;+efjgf x'G5 jf eO/x]sf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ lzIff /fd|f] x'g' jf gx'g'df lzIff lng] kIfsf] dfq lhDd]jf/L x'Fb}g, cem eGg] xf] eg] lbg] kIf a9L lhDd]jf/ x'g] u5{, lsgeg] lzIff lng] kIf eg]sf] t ghfGg] / l;Sg] kIf xf] t/ lzIff lbg] kIf eg]sf] hfGg] / l;sfpg] kIf cyjf l;Sg cfpg]nfO{ hfGg] agfpg] bfloTj af]s]sf] kIf jf l;Sg]nfO{ /fd|f];Fu lzIff lbg' lzIff lbg] kIfsf] bfloTj xf] . olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg, lzIff lng] kIfn] lbg] kIfaf6 elgPsf] zt{x? k"/f ub}{g jf eg]sf] dfGb}g, lzIff lng] s'/fdf nfkjf{xL u5{ eg] Tof] cnu s'/f xf] . t/ lzIff lng] kIfn] ;a} s'/fx? l7s 9Ën] u/]sf] jf k'/f u/]sf] 5 eg] lzIff lbg] kIfn] tf]s] adf]lhd z'Ns a'emfPsf], sIffdf lgoldt ?kdf pkl:yt ePsf], eg] cg';f/sf] u[Xosfo{ nufot ;a} sfdx? k"/f u/]sf] 5 eg] p;n] /fd|f] lzIff kfpg jf kl/Iffdf ptL0f{ x'g ;Sb}g eg] To;sf bf]if / sdhf]/L lzIff lng] kIfsf] dfq lsdfy{ x'g;Sb}g, a? p;sf]eGbf a9L bf]if lzIff lbg] kIfsf] x'G5 . t;y{, To;sf] eflubf/ jf hjfkmb]xL lzIff lbg] kIfnfO{ klg agfpg} k5{ .

       lzIff lng] kIfn] s;/L hjfkmb]xLtf lng] eGg] ;DaGwdf cg]s tl/sfx? x'g ;S5g\ . h:tf]M uDeL/ uNtL / nfkjf{xL ug]{x?nfO{ ljleGg vfn] sf/jfxL ug]{b]lv lnP/ ljBfyL{x?nfO{ klxn] lnPs} z'Nsdf k9fpg] jf sf]lrª sIffsf] Joj:yf ul/lbg], df}sf kl/Iffsf] Joj:yf ul/lbg] h:tf sfdx? cflb . olb o:tf] kl/kf6L agfOg] xf] eg] Gofof]lrt x'g] dfq xf]Og, lzIff lbg] kIf uDeL/ aGg ;Sg] jf aGg'kg]{ ePsf]n] To; kIfaf6 ul/g'kg]{ sfdx? /fd|f];Fu eO lziffsf] u'0f:t/sf] nflu ;sf/fTds of]ubfg x'g;S5 . t/, clxn];Dd xfd|f] b]zdf o:tf] kl/kf6L gePsf] sf/0fn] kl/0ffd klg gsf/fTds g} eO/x]sf] 5 .

clwsfFz ljBfyL{x?sf] 3/fo;L k|lts'n cj:yfn] klg lzIffsf] u'0f:t/df s]xL xb;Dd gsf/fTds c;/ k'¥ofPsf] 5 . ;a}nfO{ yfxf 5, xfd|f] b]zsf] ax';+Vos hgtf ul/a 5g\ To:tf ul/a hgtfsf 5f]/f5f]/Lx?n] k9fO–n]vfOdfeGbf klg 3/fo;L nufot cGo cg]sf}F sfdx?df ;do / ldx]gt vr{ u'g{kg]{, clwsfFz cleefjsx?n] lzIffsf] dxTj ga'em\bf, dxTj a'em] klg k9fOsf] af/]df ;a} s'/fx? hfgsf/L gx'Fbf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ k9\g cg's'n jftfj/0f gagfOlbg], ;do lbg'sf] ;§f cGo sfddf a9L g} nufpg], k9fOsf] nflu k|]l/t gug]{, cfkm\gf s]6fs]6Lx?n] /fd|f];Fu kl9/x]sf] 5 jf 5}g hfFrk8\tfn gug]{, cfjZos z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx? Joj:yf gul/lbg], clwsfFz cleefjsx? lg/If/ jf ;fdfGo :t/sf] dfq lzIff k|fKt ug]{x? ePsf]n] ljBfyL{x?nfO{ l;sfpg g;Sg] jf ghfGg] h:tf sf/0fx?n] ubf{ / cem w/eGbf aflx/ /x]/ k9\g afWo ljBfyL{x?n] dfgl;s tgfjb]lv lnP/ w]/} vfn] ;d:ofx? Joxf]g'{kg]{ ePsf]n] pgLx?sf] k9fO–n]vfO{ / z}lIfs u'0f:t/df gsf/fTds c;/ k'lu/x]sf] 5 .

dfly pNn]lvt afx]s z}lIfs ;+:yfx?leq / jl/kl/sf] k|lts'n jftfj/0f, kl/jf/, ;dfh / b]zsf] ljleGg ;d:ofx?n] kf/]sf] gsf/fTds dfgl;s c;/, :jf:Yodf kf/]sf] k|lt'sn c;/, ef}lts b'Mv

xNnf / lj/f]w lsg / sf]åf/f <

lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ v:sg'sf] sf/0f /fhgLlts/0f xf] eGg] xNnf / lj/f]w lsg / sf]åf/f eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] yfxf kfpg' klg lgs} dxTjk"0f{ s'/f x'g]5 . lsgls, o;sf] hfgsf/Laf6 jf:tljstf a'em\g w]/} ;lhnf] x'g]5 .

       5f]6s/Ldf eGg'kbf{, o:tf] xNnf / lj/f]w of t unt lgoltsf sf/0fn] of c1fgtfsf sf/0fn] ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 . ca, o;nfO{ cln lj:tf/df eGg'kbf{, lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ v:sg'sf] sf/0f /fhgLlts/0f xf] eg]/ xnnf rnfOg'sf] k5fl8 lgs} 7"nf] if8oGq, unt lgot / :jfy{ n's]sf] 5 / o:tf] xNnf ug]{x?df k|ltudgsf/Lx? klxnf] gDa/df k5{g\ eg] bf];|f] gDa/df oyfl:yltjfbLx? k5{g\ .

       k|ltudgsf/L cfkm\gf] dgk/L / df]hd:tLsf] lbg lkm/fpg k"0f{ k|ltudg rfxG5g\, To;}u/L oyfl:yltjfbLx? cfkm\gf] dgk/L / xfnLd'xfnLnfO{ sfod /fVgsf] nflu oyfl:yltnfO{ sfod} /fVg rfxG5g\ t/, tL b'a} kIfnfO{ /fd|f];Fu s] yfxf 5 jf yfxf nfu]sf] 5 eg] z}lIfs ;d'bfo /fhgLlts ?kdf ;r]t eP / lj/f]wdf plqP eg] pgLx?sf] rfxgf k'/f xg' c;+ej x'g]5, t;y{, cfkm\gf] rfxgf k"/f ug]{ xf] eg] ;aeGbf klxnf z}lIfs ;d'bfosf] ;fË7flgs / ;r]t ultljlwnfO{ /f]Sg'k5{ / To;f] ug{sf nflu z}lIfs ;d'bfosf] ultljlw / ;lqmotfnfO{ /fhgLlts/0fsf] gfd lbFb} / lzIff If]qdf u'0f:t/ v:sg'sf] k|d'v sf/0f eg]sf] lzIff If]qdf ePsf] /fhgLlts/0f jf /fhgLlt xf] eGg] e|d b'lgofFnfO{ kfg{ ;lsof] eg] ;+ejtM j}wflgs ?kd} z}lIfs ;d'bfosf]  ultljlw / ;lqmotfnfO{ /f]s nufpg ;lsg]5, olb To;f] ug{ ;+ej ePg eg] klg z}lIfs ;d'bfosf a9LeGbf a9L ;b:ox?nfO{ To:tf] ultljlw / ;lqmotfaf6 cnu ug{ ;lsg]5 . o;} sf/0fn] ubf{, ltgLx?n] cToGt} ;'ljrfl/t 9Ën] uf]ojN; z}nLdf pQm xNnfnfO{ rnfpg] / rsf{pg] sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ .

       To;}u/L To;f] xNnf rnfpg]x?df t];|f] gDa/df lzIff If]qsf lhDd]jf/Ldf a;]sfx? k5{g\ . pgLx?n] rflxF of] sfd lsg u5{g\ eg] pgLx/?nfO{ /fd|};Fu yfxf 5, lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ v:sg'sf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/ jf bf]ifL pgLx? klg x'g\, pgLx?nfO{ of] klg yfxf 5, bf]if cGt} yf]kg{ kfOof] eg] jf lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ v:sg'sf] sf/0f /fhgLlts/0f xf] eg]/ e|d kfg{ ;lsof] eg] bf]ifaf6 aRg ;lsg]5, Toltdfq xf]Og ltgLx?nfO{ o:tf] klg nfUg] u5{, z}lIfs ;d'bfosf] ultljlwnfO{ ;w}Fsf] nflu ;dfKt ug{ ;Sg] xf] eg] ;Fw} r}g;Fu a:g kfOg]5, cfkm\gf] s';L{ xd]zf ;'/lIft /xg]5 .

       xNnf ug]{x?df rf}yf] gDa/df lghL z}lIfs ;+:yf ;~rfnsx? k5{g\, pgLx?n] o;f] ug'{sf] sf/0f Pp6} 5, Tof] xf] pgLx?n] ub}{ cfPsf] ljBfyL{ / cleefjsdflysf] cfly{s zf]if0f nufotsf dgk/L / To; If]qsf cGo ;d:ofx?sf] lj?4 xd]zf nflu/x]sf] ljBfyL{ ;+u7g / cfGbf]ng ;dfKt jf sdhf]/ eof] eg] pgLx?sf nflu af6f] ;kmf x'g]5 .

       kfFrf} gDa/df k|df0fkq] tyfslyt ljåfg dxf]box?n] To:tf] xNnf ug]{ u5{g\ . pgLx?n] o;f] ug'{+ Ps vfnsf] c1fgtf klg xf] / cem d"n ?kdf JolQmjfbL ;f]rfO{ jf lzIff If]qdf, ;dfh / b]zk|ltsf] lhDd]jf/L af]wsf] cefj xf] .

       5}7f}F gDa/df c1fgtfjz xNnf ug]{x? ;j{;fwf/0f k5{g\ . pgLx?n] o:tf] ug'{sf] k5fl8 To} c1fgtf afx]s c? s'g} sf/0f 5}g .

       h;n] h];'s} sf/0fn] To:tf] xNnf u/] klg Tof] a]l7s s'/f xf] .

lgisif{df M

       lgisif{nfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf eGg'kbf{, lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ v:sg'sf] sf/0f /fhgLlts/0f xf] eGg] s'/fdf lsdfy{  ;xdt x'g ;lsGg / of] s'/f d"ntM unt lgotn] cfPsf] s'/f dfq xf] . t;y{, To; s'/fsf] / To; s'/fnfO{ :yflkt ug{ vf]Hg'sf] k5fl8 n's]sf] v/fa lgotsf] h]8bf/ 9Ën] v08g ug'{kb{5 . To;}u/L, lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ v:sg'sf] jf:tljs sf/0fx? cGTosf nflu pko'Qm e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kb{5 . o; sfdsf] d'Vo cu'jfO{ z}lIfs ;d'bfoaf6 g} x'g'k5{ / csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ s'/f z}lIfs ;d'bfon] cfkm\gf] oyf]lrt e"ldsfåf/f ;a}sf] d'v aGb ug{ ;kmn aGg'k5{ .

v  

article 9 (education): जनवादी शिक्षाबारे केही कुरा:

hgjfbL lzIffaf/] s]xL s'/f

–/fh]Gb|s'df/ /fO{

yfngLM

df]6f] gf/f / dfusf] ?kdf hgjfbL lzIffsf] s'/f xfd|f] b]zdf lgs} nfdf] ;kob]lv p7\b} /  ;'lgFb} cfPsf] 5 . cem k|i6 9Ën] eGg'kbf{, jfdkGyL lsQfdf /x]sf] ljlegg ljBFyL{ ;+u7g, /fhgLlts bn / JolQmx?n] hgjfbL hgjfbL lZIffsf] g/f / dfunfO{ nuftf/ ?kdf p7fpFb} cfO/x]sf 5g\ / To;}sf] k|efj / kl/0ffd :j?k hgjfbL lzIff jfdkGyL lsQfeGbf aflx/ /x]sfx?sf nflu klg rf;f], lh1f;f, rrf{ / ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo aGb} cfO/x]sf] 5 .

t/, lj8Dagfsf] s'/f, dfu / gf/feGbf cl3 a9]/ hgjfbL lzIffsf] af/]df cfjZoss dfqfdf AofVof ug]{ / :ki6 kfg]{ sfd clxn];Dd klg eO;s]sf] jf x'g ;ls/x]sf  5}|g . oBlk a]nfavt s]xL sf]lzz gePsf] eg] xf]Og t/, Tof] sfkmL 5}g . h;n] ubf{ hgjfbL lzIffsf] af/]df a'emfOx? 5/kli6g'sf ;fy} cg]sf}F lh1f;f / ciki6tfx? ljBdfg /x]sf] dfq xf]Og, cgsf}F vfn] e|d / cGof}ntfx? ;d]t AofKt alg/x]sf 5g\ . Toltdfq xf}Og, sltkon] t hgjfbL lzIffnfO{ x'Fb} gx'g] s'/fsf] ?kdf x]g]{, a'em\g] / cleJolQm lbg] sfd ;d]t ub}{ cfPsf] 5g\ . t;y{, hgjfbL lzIffsf] af/]df cfjZos / plrt AofVof / :ki6 ug]{ sfd o;sf kIfw/x?n] gu/L gx'g] a]nf eO;s]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu AolQmeGbf ;++3–;+u7gx?sf] lhDd]jf/L / kxnsbdL a9L ck]lIft, k|efjsf/L / cf}lrTok"0f{ x'g]5 . t;y{, z}lIfs cfGbf]ngsf] g]tf ;+u7g cg]/f:jljo'n] of] sfdsf] g]t[Tj ug]{ sfddf ca l9nfO{ ug'{ x'Fb}g .

hgjfbL lzIff ePsf] x'g;S] s'/fM

xfd|f] b]zdf Psflt/ hgjfbL lzIff b]Vg–ef]Ug gkfOPsf] jf sfo{Gjog geO/x]sf] / csf]{lt/ o;sf] af/]df cfjZos / plrt AofVof x'g g;s]sf] eP klg of] kmut dflg;x?nfO{ em'Sofpg jf cfslif{t ug{sf nflu cufl8 ;fl/Psf] u'lnof] / ;:tf] gf/f / dfu xf]Og, g of] /fHo, ;/sf/ / lzIff If]qsf lhDd]jf/Ldf a;]sfx?nfO{ cK7\of/f] kfg{ cufl8 ;fl/Psf] c;+ej gf/f / dfu xf]p cyjf csf]{ efiffdf eGg'kbf{ hgjfbL lzIff sxLF klg gePsf] / x'g g;Sg] rLh xf]Og, of] sltko d'n'sx?df sfof{Gogdf cfO;s]sf] / cGoq klg jf g]kfndfj sfof{Gjogdf cfPg ;Sg] s'/f xf]===

hgjfbL lzIffsf] lghTj jf cfkm\g} ;f/ 5M

hgjfbL zAb hf]l8Psf] sf/0fn] x'g;S5, clwsfFz dflg;x?n] hgjfbL lzIffnfO{ hgjfbL Joj:yfsf] k]6df /fv]/ dfq jf hgjfbL Joj:yf;Fu 6fF;]/ dfq x]g]{, a'em\g] / AofVof ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . h:tf] ls, xfdLn] ;'Gb} cfPsf 5f}F, æhgjfbL lzIff eg]sf] hgjfbL Aoj:yfdf lbOg] lzIff jf hgjfbL Joj:yfn] lbg] lzIff xf], hgjfbL lzIff hgjfbL Joj:yfnfO{ 6]jf lbg] lzIff xf], hgjfbL lzIff hgjfbL Joj:yf gcfP;Dd nfu" x'g ;Sb}gÆ cflb . o:tf egfOx? ;fdfGo ?kdf x]bf{ l7s} h:tf] nfUg ;S5 / u+eL/tfk"j{s g} klg ltgLx?df w]/} xb;Dd ;Totf 5 g} . t/ klg tL egfOx?df s]xL ck"0f{tf unt ;f/ cy{ jf ;f/ cGtlg{lxt 5 . lsg]eg], To:tf egfOx?n] Psflt/ hgjfbL lzIffsf] lghTj jf lghL klxrfg cf]em]ndf kfg]{ ;+efjgf af]s]sf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ hgjfbL Joj:yf cfpg'k"j{ hgjfbL lzIffsf] gf/f af]Sg' jf dfu cl3 ;fg'{ lg/y{s / cg'lrt 5÷x'G5 eGg] s'/f b]vfpg v]fh]sf] 5 . To;}u/L hgjfbL lzIff Pp6f o:tf] kf]sf] xf] hf] sfof{Gjog x'Fbf 7\ofQm\ofSs} l;Ë} x'G5 / gx'Fbf clnslt klg x'g ;Sb}g eGg] bvfpg vf]h]sf] 5 .

t/, hgjfbL lzIff hgjfbL Joj:yfsf] k]6df a;]/ jf hgjfbL Joj:yf;F 6fFl;P/ dfq lrlgg] / cl:tTjdf /xg] rLh xf]Og, o;sf] cfkm\g} lghTj / lghL klxrfg 5÷x'G5 . cyjf, zf;g Joj:yf s'g 5 jf hgjfbL 5 jf 5}g eGg] cfwf/df dfq ToxfFsf] lzIff hgjfbL xf] jf xf]Og eGg] s'/fsf] lgSof}{n x'g] xf]Og, a? lzIffsf] laz]iftfx? jf ;f/ x]/]/ g} s'g} klg lzIff hgjfbL xf] jf xf]Og eGg] s'/f lgSof}{n x'g;S5 / ul/g'k5{ . o;sf] dtnj, hgjfbL Joj:yf hgjfbL lzIffsf] sfof{Gjosf nflu cfjZos s'/f÷zt{ eP klg klxrfgsf] nflu clgjfo{ s'/f÷zt{ xf]Og .

hgjfbL lzIff dfS;{jfbL cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t lzIff xf]M

hgjfbL lzIff dfS;{jfbL ljrf/wf/fdf cfwfl/t lzIff xf] jf hgjfbL lzIff dfS;{jfb ljrf/wf/ dfGg]x?n] cl3 ;f/]sf] lIff ;DaGwL cfd cjwf/0ff xf] . o;sf] dtnj, To; cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t lzIff hgjfbL lzIff xf] rfx] Tof] h'g;'s} zf;g Joj:yfdf sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf] lsg gxf];\ . oBlk hgjfbL lzIff hgjfbL Joj:yf gePsf] cj:yfdf ;Dk"0f{ ?kn] sfof{Gjog x'g ;Sb}g .

hgjfbL lzIff hgjfbL Joj:yfsf ;x–k|0ffnL xf]M

o;sf] dtna, hgjfbL lzIff hgjfbL Joj:yf cg's'nsf] x'g]5===

hgjfbL lzIff sf] s]xL d'Vo kIfM

!= hgjfbL lzIff ;fy{s x'g]5M

hgjfbL lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/ lzIff ;fy{s÷;sf/fTds kl/0ffd lbg] x'g'k5{ . lsgls,

·        dfS;{jfbL dfGotfn] x/]s sfdsf] ;fy{stf jf ;sf/fTds kl/0ffd vf]Hg] ePsf]n] .

·        lzIffdf jf lzIff lng / lbgsf] nflu ljBfyL{ :jod\, p;sf] kl/jf/ / /fHon] lgs} 7"nf] d"No r'sfpg'kg]{ ePsf]n] .

·        lzIff g} ;dfh tyf b]zsf] ;~rfng, ljsf; / cu|ultsf cfwf/ ePsf]n] jf ;dfh / b]zsf] ;~rfng ljsf; / cu|ultsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ hgzlQm jf dfgjLo ;+;fwg pTkfbg ug]{ ;a}eGbf z;Qm dfWod ePsf]n] / lzIffn] To; sfdsf nflu pkof]uL / of]Uo hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{ ;s]g eg] ;dfh b b]zsf] ;~rfng, ljsf; / cu|ult /fd|f];Fu x'g g;Sg] ePsf]n]

s:tf] lzIff ;fy{s <

lzIff lng] / lbg] sfddf nufgL ug]{ jf ;/f]sf/ /fVg]x?nfO{ ;sf/fTds k|ltkmn lbg] lzIff .

sf] x'g\ nufgLstf{ / ;/f]sf/jfnf <

o;sf b'O{ kIf 5g\ M

s= ljBfyL{ :jod\ -pd]/ jf ;do / dfgl;s Pjd\ zfl//Ls d]xgtsf nufgL_ / cleefjs Pjd\ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? -cfly{s, dfgl;s, d]xgt cflbsf nufgL_

v= /fHo / ;dfhM cfly{s Pjd\ Joj:yfksLo nufgLM

s;/L k|ltkmn lbg] <

s= ljBfyL{ / p;sf] cleefjs Pj+ kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox?nfO{M

!= ljBfyL{nfO{ ;sf/fTds r]t / Jojxf/ l;sfP/ jf ljBfyL{sf] rl/q lgdf{0f u/]/ .

@= ljBfyL{nfO{ zf/Ll/s ?kdf ;an u/fP/ .

#= ljBfyL{nfO{ sfd ug{ / sdfpg jf lhljsf]kfh{g ug{ ;Sg] agfP/ .

v= /fHo / ;dfhnfO{M

!= ljBfyL{nfO{ ;sf/fTds r]t / Jojxf/ l;sfP/ jf ljBfyL{sf] rl/q lgdf{0f u/]/ .

@= ljBfyL{nfO{ zf/Ll/s ?kdf ;an u/fP/ .

#= ;dfh / b]zsf] ;~rfng, ljsf; / cu|ultsf nflu ;Ifd / hfu?s gful/s÷hgzlQm lgdf{0f u/]/ .

b'a}nfO{ ldnfpFbfM

!= ljBfyL{nfO{ ;sf/fTds r]t / Jojxf/ l;sfP/ jf ljBfyL{sf] rl/q lgdf{0f u/]/ cyjfM

·        >dk|lt cf:yf / ;Ddfg ug{ l;sfpg], lzIffnfO{ >d;Fu hf]8\g] jf cEof; lzIffsf] ?kdf ljleGg >dsfo{df ;l/s u/fpg] .

·        nf]stGq, hgjfb, ;dfhjfbsf] kIfkftL agfpg] .

·        Gofo / ;dfgtfsf] kIfkftL agfpg] .

·        /fli6«otfsf] efjgfn] cf]tk|f]t agfpg] .

·        cfTdcg'zf;g l;sfpg] .

·        cfTdljsf;sf nflu k|]l/t ug]{ .

·        c;n ;+:s[lt / ;+:sf/sf] kIfkftL jf To:tf] ;+:s[lt / ;+:sf/o'Qm agfpg] .

·        :jfnDaL / :jfledfgL agfpg] .

·        j:t'jfbL jf åGbfTds ef}ltsjfbL agfpg] .

·        nf]stGq, hgjfbL–;dfhjfbL Joj:yfsf] kIfkftL agfpg] .

·        r]tgfsf] clea[l4 ug]{ .

·        ljBfyL{sf] lbdfunfO{ 1fgsf] e08f/sf] ?kdf ?kfGt/0f ug]{ cyjf ljBfyL{nfO{ cg]sf}F ;}4flGts, ;"rgfd"ns, Jofjxfl/s 1fgx?n] ;';lHht ug]{ .

@= ljBfyL{nfO{ zf/Ll/s ?kdf ;an u/fP/ cyjfM

ljBfyL{nfO{ zf/Ll/s ?kdf klg ;an agfpg'k5{, lsgeg], s'g} klg dflg; zf/Ll/s ?kdf ;an ePg eg] ;}4flGts, Jofjxfl/s, k|fljlws / ljifout 1fgn] k"0f{ eP klg p;n] /fd|f];Fu jf slt klg sfd ug{ ;Sb}g . To;f] ePsf]n] ljBfyL{nfO{ zf/Ll/s ?kdf :j:y / ;an agfpgsf nflu lzIffnodf cfjZos ?kdf zf/Ll/s cEof; / v]ns"bdf ;l/z u/fpg'sf ;fy} To; ;DaGwdfa eljiosf nflu klg sfd nfUg] 1fg–;Lk l;sfpg'k5{ . To;}u/L ;fdfGo /f]u, cf}ifwf]krf/, ;/;kmfO{ / vfgkfgsf 1fg lbg'k5{ .

#= ljBfyL{nfO{ lhljsf]kfh{gsf ug{ ;Sg] agfP/M

·        ljBfyL{nfO{ of t c?n] /f]huf/L lbg ;Sg] of cfkm"n] k|fKt 1fg–;Lk k|of]u u/]/ cfkm} /f]huf/ aGg ;Sg] agfpgk5{ .

·        ljBfyL{nfO{ ;fdfGo jf b}glGbgsf] hLjgdf sfd nflu/xg] Jofjxfl/s 1fg, ;Lk, klg lbg'k5{ . To:tf 1fg–;Lkx? ;fyLefO{, 5/l5d]sL, kl/jf/, gftfuf]tf;Fusf] ;Dks{ jf sfd Jojxf/df sfd nfUg] s'/fx? jf sfd cfkm\g} b}glGbgsf lghL sfd / kfl/jfl/s jf kl/jf/sf ;b:osf] ?kdf ug'{kg]{ sfdx? jf j/k/ hfFbf–cfpFbf sfd nfUg] s'/fx?b]lv lnP/ cGo cfjZos w]/} s'/fx? kg{ ;S5g\ .

$= ;dfh / b]zsf] ;~rfng, ljsf; / cu|ultsf nflu ;Ifd / hfu?s gful/s÷hgzlQm tof/ u/]/M

-If]q cg';f/ cfjZos ;+Vofdf÷If]q cg';f/ ;+Vofsf] cg'kft gldn] Psflt/ hgzlQm sd eO aflx/af6 vkt ug'{k5{ eg] csf]{lt/ a9L eO{ pgLx?n] a]/f]huf/ aGg'kg]{ cj:yf cfpg]5_ .

@= hgjfbL lzIffdf u'0f:t/sf] lglZrttf x'g]5M

·        lj1x? / ;DalGwt kIfx? - lzIfs, ljBfyL{, cleefjs, lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/L_sf] ;fd"lxs of]ubfgaf6 pko'Qm lzIff gLlt, sfo{qmd, kf7\oqmd / kf7\ok':tsx? tof/ ul/g'k5{ .

·        ef}lts–z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx?sf] Joj:yf cfjZos dfqfdf / cfjZos :t/sf] x'g'kb{5 .

·        z}lIfs jftfj/0f cfsif{s / lzIf0fdo x'g'kb{5 .

·        lzIf0fljlw klg cfsif{s / j}1flgs x'g' h?/L 5 . vf;u/L clxn] xfd|f] b]zdf hf/L /x]sf] h:tf] emsf]{ nfUg] efif0fljlw lzIfs dfq ;lqmo x'g'kg]{ t/ ljBfyL{x?n] To; sfo{df ;lqmo x'g' gkg]{ jf ;xefuL ;d]t geP klg x'g] jf lzIfsn] l;sfpg] t/ ljBfyL{x?n] gl;s]÷ghfg] klg x'g] vfnsf] lzIf0f ljlw xf]Og, PseGbf a9L ljlw, emsf]{ nfUg] xf]Og /dfOnf] ljlw, lzIfseGbf ljBfyL{x? ;lqmo / ;a} ljBfyL{x? ;xefuL x'g'kg]{ ljlw, lzIfsn] l;sfPsf] cf}krfl/stf k"/f ug]{ dfq xf]Og ljBfyL{x?n] hfGg}kg]{ ljlw x'g h?/L 5 .

·        of]Uo lzIfsx? -k|df0fkqsf] cfwf/df of]Uotf k'u]sfx? xf]Og, Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df of]Uo_ sf] Joj:yf cfjZos ;+Vofdf ul/g'k5{ . To;sf nflu of]hgfut ?kdf lzIfsx? pTkfbg ug'{k5{ -:s"n, sn]h, tflnds]Gb|x? :yfkgf u/]/_ . lzIfs 5gf}6 cToGt} j}1flgs / ljZj;gLo 9Ën] ul/g'k5{ . sfo{/t lzIfsx?nfO{ tflndsf] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ . Ps lzIfs–Ps ljifo, Ps lzIfs–yf]/} ljBfyL{ Pj+ sd sIffsf] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ . lzIf0f k]zfk|lt ljnIf0fx?nfO{ cfslif{t ug{ / axfnjfnfx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] k]zfk|lt cfslif{t, ;dlk{t / nugzLn agfO{ /fVg cGoqeGbf cfsif{s tna, ljleGg ;'ljwf / clwsf/x? k|bfg ul/g'kb{5 eg] csf]{lt/ pgLx?nsf] sfdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg cGo s'g} klg k]zf–Joj;fodf ;+nug x'g nufgL ug{af6 pgLx?nfO{ /f]lsg'k5{, pgLx?sf] sfdsf] plrt lg/LIf0f cg'udg, d"NofÍg ul/g'sf ;fy} To;sf cfwf/df b08 jf k'/:sf/ / k|f]T;fxgsf] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ . b'u{d 7fpFsf :s"nx?df sfd ug{ lzIfsx?nfO{ yk cfly{s nufotsf ;'ljwfx? lbOg'k5{ . To:tf 7fpFx?df ;a} lzIfsx?n] clgjfo{ ?kn] lglZrt ;dosf nflu sd ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ . sfo{/t lzIfsx?sf] lglZrt cjlwdf kl/Iff lng] ul/g'k5{ . / To;sf cfwf/df sltnfO{ k'gtf{huL tflnd lbOg'k5{ eg] To;af6 klg sfd grNg]  xf] eg] To:tfnfO{ cGo ;]jfdf k7fpg] jf cjsf; lbg] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ .

·        lzIffdf bf]xf]/f] pQ/bfloTjsf] Joj:yf x'g]5 . cyjf, ljBfyL{n] /fd|f] ug{ g;s]df To;sf] lhDd]jf/L lzIff lng] kIf jf ljBfyL{ / p;sf] cleefjsn] dfq xf]Og lzIff lbg] kIf lzIfs, sd{rf/L, cGo z}lIfs k|zf;g cflbn] klg lng'kg]{5 .

#= lzIffdf ;dfgtf x'g]5M

lzIff kfpg] s'/f / kfpg] lzIff b'j}df ;dfgtf x'g]5M

·        dfS;{jfbL ljrf/wf/fn] ;dfgtf / Gofosf] jsfnt u5{ . hgjfbL Joj:yfdf ;Dk"0f{ ;dfgtfsf] cj:yf gcfP klg cfd ?kdf ;dfgtf cfpg]5 / of] ;dfgtf pGd'v x'g]5 . To;}n] lzIff If]qdf klg ;dfgtf x'g h?/L 5 .

·        lzIffdf c;dfgtf k|fs[lts / ;fdflhs b'a} lx;fan] cGofok"0f{ s'/f xf], lsgls, o; b'lgofFdf dflg;x? k|fs[lts, ef}lts jf h}ljs ?kdf -s]xL ckjfb afx]s_ ;a} ;dfg /x]sf] dfw xf]Og hlGdbf gfËf] z/L/ / vfnL xft hlGd5g\ t;y{, o; b'lgofFdfly s;}sf] k|fs[lts jf hGdl;4 ljz]if jf a9L clwsf/ / s;}sf] sd clwsf/ x'g' k|fs[lts / Gofof]lrt x'g ;Sb}g, o;} jf:tljstf / dfGotfsf] cfwf/df klg eGg ;lsG5, cGo s'/fdf h:t} lzIffd klg ;a} gful/ssf] ;dfg clwsf/ jf ;dfgtf x'g'k5{ . csf]{ 9Ën] eGg] xf], /fHosf] nflu ;a} gful/sx? a/fa/ x'g\ t;y{ /fHon] cfkm\gf tkm{af6 gful/sx?nfO{ lbg] jf pkAw u/fpg] s'g} klg s'/fdf e]befj ug{ ldNb}g dfq xf]Og cGo sfdaf6 klg / s'g} sf/0fn] klg e]befj / c;dfgt cfpg lbg x'Fb}g, o;y{ klg lzIffdf c;dfgtfsf] cGTo x'g' clt h?/L 5 .

·        ;a}nfO{ yfxf 5, clxn]sf] hdfgfdf lzIff eGg] s'/f, dflg;sf nflu cltl/Qm ljifo xf]Og a? of] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf xf] . o;sf] cy{ lzIffljgf ca dflg;sf] hLjg rNg ;Sb}g, hLjg rNb}g eGg'sf] dtnj, lzIffljgf sf]xL klg dflg; c? ;/x, o'u]sf :t/ cg';f/, cfTdlge{/ 9Ën], ;Ddfghgs ?kdf, ;xh tl/sfn], k"0f{ cfo' afFRg ;Sb}g cyjf c?eGbf lgDg sf]6Lsf] jf emGg} emGg] kz' ;/x hLjg lhpg afWo x'g]5, Toltdfq xf]Og k"0f{ cfo';Dd klg gafFRg ;S5 . t;y{, clxn]sf] ;dodf ;a}n] plrt lzIff kfpg' clgjfo{ 5 / Tof] p;sf] cfjZostf / clwsf/sf] s'/f xf] .

·        b]zsf] ;'/Iff, ;~rfng, ljsf; cflb sfdsf nflu hgtfsf] e"ldsf clgjfo{ 5 / To; sfddf hlt w]/} hgtfn] of]ubfg ug{ ;Sof] Tolt g} dfqfdf Tof] sfd /fd|f];Fu x'g;S5, To;df klg sf]/f jf ;fdfGo hgtfn]eGbfljz]if jf ;Ifd hgzlQmsf] e"ldsf a9L x'g;S5 / ;fdfGo hgtfnfO{ ;Ifd hgzlQmdf ?kfGt/0f ug]{ sfd lzIffn] ug{ ;S5 . t;y{, ;Dk"0f{ hgtfnfO{ ;Ifd agfO{ b]zsf] ;'/Iff, ;~rfng / ljsf;sf] sfddf nufpgsf nflu klg /fHon] ;Dk"0f{ hgtfnfO{ ;dfg 9Ën] lzIff k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ .

·        ljleGg If]qdf ePsf c;dfgtfx?sf cGTo gx'g] xf] eg] hgjfbL Joj:yf ;dfhjfbdf ?kfGt/0f x'g] s'/f t k/} hfcf];\ a? cfkm} ktg x'g] ;+efjgf x'g]5 .

lzIff kfpg] s'/fdf ;dfgtfsf nflu lgDg sfdx? ul/g'k5{M

        lzIff kfpg] s'/fdf cfly{s kIfsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . hgjfbL Joj:yfdf clwstd\ ?kdf cfly{s c;dfgtfsf] cGTo / hgtfsf] cfly{s ;anLs/0f ul/g] ePsf]n] lzIffdf s]xL xb;Dd cfly{s nufgL ug]{ cj:yf hgtfsf] x'g]5 . t/ Tof] sfkmL g/xg ;S5 . t;y{,

·        ;+ej eP ;Dk"0f{ txsf] lzIff k"0f{ ?kn] lgz'Ns ul/g'k5{ . k"0f{ lgz'Nssf] dtnj, z'Ns dfq glng] xf]Og, pgLx?sf nflu ufF;, jf;, skf; / cGo cfjZos z}lIfs cfjZos z}lIfs–ef}lts ;fdu|Lx?, oftfoft, :jf:Yo pkrf/ nufotsf Joj:yf jf k9\bf nfUg] s'g} klg vr{ cleefjsaf6 gnfUg] jf ;Dk"0f{ vr{ /fHosf] tkm{af6 Jojxf]l/g'k5{ . o;f] ug{ Ps}rf]l6, ;+ej gPdf slDtdf klg cfwf/e"t txsf] lzIffsf nflu of] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ / o;nfO{ qmlds ?kdf dflyNnf] txdf lj:tf/ lul/g'k5{, o;f] ubf{ nfUg] vr{ pgLx?nfO{ -pd]/ k'u]sfnfO{_cf+lzs / plrt sfddf nufO{ klt{ ug{ ;lsg]5 .

·        clt, k"0f{ lgz'Nssf] Joj:yf gePsf txdf hgtfsf cfly{s cj:yf / cfDbfgLsf cfwf/df -hgjfbL Joj:yfdf klg ;Dk"0f{ ?kn] cfly{s ;dfgtfsf] cj:yf x'g] 5}g eg]/ dfly g} hfgsf/L eO;s]sf] 5_ k|ultzLn z'Ns cyjf cfly{s / cfDbfgLsf] cj:yf /fd|f] ePsfx?nfO{ ToxL cg';f/sf] z'Ns / g/fd|f] x'g]x?nfO{ ;a} vfnsf] z'Ns ldgfxf ug]{, 5fqj[lQ k|bfg ug]{, lglZrt cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{, To:tf ljBfyL{nfO{ cf+lzs /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf ul/lbg], p;sf kl/jf/nfO{ klg /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf ul/lbg], ljBfyL{x?nfO{ lgz'Ns k':ts, 5fqfjf;, k':tsfno cflbsf] Joj:yf ul/g'sf ;fy} pgLx?sf kl/jf/nfO{ oftfoft, c:ktfn, vfBfGg nufot b}lgs pkef]usf j:t'x?df pNn]Vo  ;x'lnotsf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .

·        ul/a ljBfyL{x?nfO{ lgAof{hL jf ;:tf] Aofhdf cWoog C0fsf] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{, Toltdfq xf]Og o; vfnsf] C0f k9fO{ k"/f u/]kl5 klg k]zf–Joj;fo ;~rfngsf nflu klg k|df0fkq w/f}6L /fvL C0f lbg] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ .

·        bL3{sfndf lzIff If]qdf lghLs/0fnfO{ k"0f{ ?kn] cGTo ul/g'k5{, slDtdf klg cfwf/e"t tx;Ddsf] lzIffdf clgjfo{ ?kdf lghLs/0f cGTo ul/g'k5{ .

·        pRr lzIffdf tTsfn} lghLs/0fsf] cGTo gug]{ jf To;f] ug{ ;+ej gx'g] xf] eg] olt aif{leqdf ul/;Sg] eGg] nIo–aif{ ls6fg ug'{sf ;fy} To;} cg';f/ of]hgf agfO{ x/]s aif{ lghL z}lIfs ;+:yfx?nfO{ ;/sf/Ls/0f ub}{ hfg'k5{, csf]{tkm{ yk gofF lghL z}lIfs ;+:yfx? vf]Ng] sfo{nfO{ k"0f{ ?kn] aGb ul/g'k5{ .

·        lghL z}lIfs ;+:yfx? /x];Dd ltgLx?nfO{ lgolGqt 9Ën] dfq rNg lbg'k5{, To;sf nflu Psflt/ Gof]lrt 9Ën] z'Nssf clwstd ;Ldf -TofeGbf a9L lng gkfpg] 36L lng kfpg]_ / Go"gtd lzIfs ;+Vof tyf cGo z}lIfs tf]lsg'k5{ eg] csf]{lt/ ltgLx?n] kfngf ug'{kg]{ ljleGg lgodx? lgdf{0f ul/g'k5{ / st{Jox? tf]lsg'k5{ .

·        z'?sf lbgx?df ;a} vfn] -;fwf/0f, lj1fg, k|fljlws_ lzIffdf ljkGg ju{, If]q, dlxnf, lk5l8Psf hflt -vf;u/L blnt ;a} / hghfltleqsf s]xL, ckfË, czQm / cleefjs u'dfPsf ljBfyL{nfO{ cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ / pgLx?nfO{ dfly elgP h:t} k"0f{ lgz'Ns lzIffsf] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ .

·        afn>dnfO{ s8fOsf;fy aGb]h ug]{, slDtdf cfwf/e"t tx;Ddsf] lzIffnfO{ clgjfo{ ug]{ / Tof tx;Dd cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/Lx?nfO{ ak9fpg] cleefjsx?nfO{ b08sf] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ .

·        ;fIf/tf cleofgx? jf k|f}9 cleofgx? cfjZostf cg';f/ ;~rfng ul/g'k5{ .

·        cg]s sf/0fn] z}lIfs ;+:yfx?df uP/ k9\g g;Sg] ljBfyL{x?sf nflu k|fOe]6 kl/Iff lbg] Joj:yfsf cltl/Qm v'nf ljZjljBfnosf Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ .

·        cfjZos 7fpFx?df dft[efiffdf k|fylds ljBfno;Ddsf] lzIff lng] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ .

lzIffnfO{ lgDg 9Ën] ;xh kxF'ruDo agfOg]5M

·        kof{Kt jf cfjZos ;+Vofdf z}lIfs ;+:yfx? vf]lng'k5{ .

·        ;a}nfO{ of]Uotf cg';f/ s'g} g s'g} ljifodf egf{ lnOg'k5{ .

·        z}lIfs ;+:yfx? ljBfyL{x?sf nflu / kfos kg]{ :yfgdf x'g klg h?/L 5 . cem k|i6;Fu eGg] xf] eg] :s"n k'Ugsf nflu k|fylds ljBfnosf ljBfyL{x?sf nflu a9Ldf @) ldg]6 / lgDg dfWolds ljBfnosf ljBfyL{x?sf nflu a9Ldf #) ldg]6eGbf a9L ;do gnfuf];\ .

·        ljleGg sfddf ;+nUg ljBfyL{x?sf nflu ;+ej eP;Dd sfo{ynf]d} k9\g kfpg] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{, of] vfn] Joj:yf ;]gf–k'ln;sf nflu cfjZos / ;+ej klg 5 . To;}u/L aGbL u[xdf klg cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] k9fO{ x'g] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .

·        ;fwf/0f lzIffsf ;fwf/0f ljifox?df slDtdf klg :gfts tx;Ddsf] cWoog cfkm\g} lhNnfdf g} k9\g kfpg] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .

·        lj1fg / k|fljlws lzIffnfO{ klg ljs]lGb|s/0f u/L ;+ej eP;Dd x/]s lhNnfdf / slDtdf klg x/]s c~rndf Ps–Ps j6f lj1fg / k|fljlws ljifosf -slDtdf :gfts tx;Ddsf] k9fO{ x'g]_ sn]h vf]lng'k5{ .

kfpg] lzIffsf] ;dfgtfsf nflu lgDg sfdx? ul/g'k5{M

·        ;/sf/L / lghL z}lIfs ;+:yfx?df Pp6} vfnsf] kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':tssf] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ . b'j} vfn] z}lIfs ;+:yfx?sf nflu ;dfg z}lIfs–ef}lts k"jf{wf/x?, lzIfs–sdf{rf/Lx?sf of]Uotf–;+Vof, ljBfyL{–lzIfs cg'kft cflb s'/fx?sf] lgwf{/0f u/L ltgLx?sf] ztk|ltzt Joj:yf jf sfof{Gjog ul/g'k5{ . b'u{d / kxf8L If]qdf /fd|f lzIfs–sd{rf/Lx? k7fpgsf nflu pgLx?nfO{ ljz]if ;'ljwf, ;a}n] hfg}kg]{ clgjfo{ rlqmo k|0ffnLsf Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ . s]lGb|s[t -lhNnf, /fli6«o :t/sf_ ?kdf lnOg] kl/Iffx? Ps} k|0ffnL cg';f/ ;~rfng ul/g'k5{ . slDtdf klg lghL z}lIfs ;+:yfx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] kl/Iff cfkm} ;~rfng ug]{ clwsf/ lbOg' x'Fb}g .

·        lhDd]jf/ / dxTjk"0f{ JolQmx?nfO{ ;/sf/L z}lIfs ;+:yfx?k|lt ;+j]bgzLn / lhDd]jf/ agfpgsf nflu dGqL, ;f+;b, /fli6«o dfGotf k|fKt kf6L{sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o, hËL–lghfdtL If]qsf pRr txsf sd{rf/Lx?sf, ;/sf/L z}lIfs ;+:yfx?df sfd ug]{ lzIfs–sd{rf/Lx?sf 5f]/f5f]/Lx?nfO{ ;/sf/L :s"n–sn]hx?df g} k9fpg'kg]{ sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ .

·        b'j} vfn] z}lIfs ;+:yfx?df s8fOsf;fy cg'udg lg/LIf0fsf] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ .

$= hgjfbL lzIffdf plrt kl/Iff k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{M

                kl/Iff k|0ffnL j}1flgs / ljZj;gLo x'g'k5{ . kl/Iff k|0ffnL j}1flgs / ljZj;gLo x'g' eg]sf] k|fljlws ?kn] Jojl:yt / q'lt/lxt x'g' dfq xf]Og a? To;sf cltl/Qm jf:tljs ?kd} ljBfyL{sf Ifdtfsf] hfFr ug]{ / pgLx?nfO{ k9fOsf nflu k|]l/t ug]{, Ps aif{df k9]–l;sfOPsf] s'/fx?sf] hfFr tLg jf rf/ 306fdf sfuhdf n]v]/ lnOg] / To:tf] kl/Iffsf] sf/0f 3f]s]/, lr6 rf]/]/, csf{sf] ;f/]/ klg cGon]eGbf /fd|f] cÍ Nofpg ;+ej x'g], clxn] h:tf] sd ljBfyL{ / w]/} ljBfyL{ km]n x'g] vfnsf] kl/Iff xf]Og .

6'ª\UofpgLM

·        dflysf s'/f cf+lzs / d"ntM gLltut vfnsf dfq xf] . o;nfO{ k"0f{ / sfo{qmd;lxtsf]a agfpg cem} d]xgt / a[xt 5nkmn ul/g'5{ .

·        hgbfjfbL lzIffsf] cGt/f{li6«o df]8]n vf]Hg' x'Fb}g . lsgls, b]zsf] cfkm\gf] ljljwtf / df}lnstf cg';f/ hgjfbL lzIff km/s km/s x'g ;Sg]5 .

v