!_ Pdfn]sf] le=l;= C.L. phase out ug{ vf]Hg], clvn r'k a:g] Û
–/fh]Gb| /fO{
cf/DeM
C.L. phase out ug]{ / To;sf] ;§f + @ Pj+ CTEVT cGtu{t programs rnfpg] lg0f{o g]kfnsf] z}lIfs Oltxf;df lj= ;+= @)@* ;fnkl5 cyf /fli6«o lzIff of]hgfsf] k4lt–@)@* kl5sf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] / cyjf lzIff If]q / To; If]qFu ;DalGwt ljleGg kIfx?nfO{ dfq xf]Og l;Ëf] d'n'snfO{ ;d]t k|ToIf / ck|ToIf ?kdf uDeL/ / b'/ufdL c;/ k'¥ofpg] lg0f{odWo] Ps xf] . olt 7"nf] lg0f{o ul/Fbf lg0f{ok"j{ g} Jofks / uDeL/ ?kdf 5nkmn rnfOg' kYof]{ . To:tf] 5nkmn slDtdf klg ;/f]sf/jfnfx? jf ;DalGwt kIfx?sf aLrdf / Tof]eGbf k/ uP/ To;k|lt rf;f] / hfgsf/L /fVg]x?, :jb]zL / ljb]zL ljz]if1x?sf] aLrdf klg rnfOg'kYof]{ / To:tf] 5nkmnaf6 cfjZos v'/fs lnP/ s] ug]{ lnOg'kYof]{, To:tf] lg0f{o, slDtdf klg ;DalGwt kIfx?nfO{ lrQ aemfP/ jf a'em\g] u/L lnOg'kYof]{ . t/ To;f] ug'{sf] ;f6f], xtf/xtf/df ;DalGwt kIfsf] c;dlt / lj/f]wnfO{ s'g} ;'g'jfO{ gul/sg hah{:tL 9Ën] cfkm\gf] k"j{ ;f]rfO{ cg';f/ lg0f{o ug]{ sfd ul/of] .
lg0f{ostf{x?n] ;f] lg0f{o o:tf] 9Ën] u¥of] ls dfgf}F ;f] lg0f{o ltgLx?sf lghL af/Ldf÷hUufdf tf]/L 5g]{ ls lkm'n'Ë] -Ps k|sf/sf] t]nxg afnL_ 5g]{ h:tf]] ltgLx?sf dfq lghL rf;f]sf], lghL clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] s'/f xf], h;sf] af/]df c?n] rf;f] /fVg' / ;xdlt jf c;xdlt hgfpg'sf] s'g} cy{ / clwsf/ 5}g, To;}u/L ;f] lg0f{o ltgLx?sf af/Ld tf]/L 5g]{ ls lkm'n'Ë] 5g]{ hlt klg dxTjk"0f{ jf lbdfu lvofO/xg'kg]{ s'/f xf]Og .
C.L. phase out ug]{ / To;sf] ;§f + @ Pj+ CTEVT cGtu{t programs rnfpg] lg0f{o h] h;/L lg0f{o ul/P klg clxn];Dddf ;f] lg0f{onfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ lbzfdf ;/sf/ / lzIffsf ljleGg lgsfo w]/} cufl8 a9L ;s]sf] 5 . To;} qmddf Engineering, Agriculture, Forestry, Medicine, Nursing, Management, Law ljifosf C.L. ljleGg sn]hx?af6 phase out ul/;lsPsf] 5 Psflt/ eg] csf]{lt/ gofF C.L.vf]Ng cg'dlt lbg] sfd lqe"jg ljZjljBfnon] k"0f{ ?kn] aGb u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L b]zel/df sl/a b'O{ xhf/sf] xf/fxf/Ldf + @ v'ln;s]sf 5g\ eg] CTEVT cGtu{t klg y'k}| Aofj;flos Pj+ k|fljlws ljifosf z}lIfs ;+:yfx? v'n]sf 5g\ .
;/sf/ / cGo lhDd]jf/ lgsfoaf6 C.L. phase out ug]{ / To;sf] ;§f + @ Pj+ CTEVT cGtu{t programs rnfpg] lg0f{o lng'k"j{ To; ljifodf 5nkmn grnfP klg cyjf rnfpg grfx] klg To;sf] af/]df ufOFu'O{F rNg yfn]b]lv g} cyjf k~rfotsfnb]lv g} ljleGg kIfaf6 To; s'/fsf] lj/f]w x'g'sf ;fy} ljleGg 9Ën] 5nkmn klg rNb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . t/, ca cfP/ sltkon] To:tf] 5nkmn / lj/f]wsf] ldlt k'u]sf] cyjf cf}lrTotf / ;fGble{stf ;l;sPsf] lgisif{ klg lgsfNnfg\ t/ clxn] klg Humanity, Education, Science, Managementsf s]xL, Engineeringsf s]xL C.L. phase out x'g afFsL /x]sf] dfq xf]Og + @ Pj+ CTEVT cGtu{t programs n] ljleGg ;d:ofx? NofO/x]sf] x'Fbf To:tf] lj/f]w / 5nkmnsf] cf}lrTotf, ;fGble{stf / cfjZostf afFsL 5 .
lj/f]w / 5nkmnsf] cf}lrTotf, ;fGble{stf / cfjZostf afFsL 5 elgP klg Psy/L o:tf dflg;x? 5g\ C.L. phase out ug]{ s'/fsf] lj/f]w jf ljkIfL ljrf/nfO{ ;'Gg} rfxFb}g, ltgLx?n] To:tf ljrf/nfO{ lk5l8Psf] ljrf/, ;dosf] k|jfx, ablnFbf] kl/l:yltnfO{ lrGg / cfTd;ft ug{ g;Sg] ljrf/, h8;'qjfbL ljrf/, ck|ultzL ljrf/, cNk1fgtf jf c1fgtfaf6 hlGdPsf] ljrf/ cflbsf] ?kdf a'em\g] cyjf lrlqt ug]{ u5{g\ . t/,oyfy{tfsf h/f;Dd k'Ug] xf] eg] To:tf ljrf/ /fVg] dflg;x? cfkm} rflx of :jfy{af6 k]|l/t of PsnsfF6] / ;txL 1fgaf6 lgb]{lzt ePsf x'g ;S5g\ . vf]Hb} hfg] xf] eg] To:tf dflg;x?sf] kf]n v'Ng b'O{ lbg klg gnfUg ;S5 .
;fFRrf] s'/f ug]{ xf] eg], C.L. phase out lg/k]If ?kdf l7s cyjf a]l7s s'/f xf]Og . o;nfO{ ;fk]Iftfdf x]/]/ dfq l7s ls a]l7s eGg ;lsG5 . cyjf of] slxn] l7s / slxn] a]l7s klg x'g;S5 cyjf C.L. phase out ug]{ sfd /fd|f];Fu x'g ;Sof] cyjf To;af6 olb ljBfyL{, cleefjs, lzIfs, sd{rf/L, z}lIfs ;+:yf, hgtf / b]znfO{ a]kmfObf gx'g] eof] cyjf kmfObf k'Ug] eof] eg] Tolta]nf To;nfO{ l7s eGg ;lsG5 t/ To;sf] lakl/t kl/0ffd cfpg] eof] eg] a]l7s eGg}k5{ . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df s'/f ug]{ xf] eg], C.L. phase out sf] cf}lrTotfsf] ;Gbe{df cufl8 ;fl/Psf ts{x? lrQa'em\bf 5g\ g Aofjxfl/s ?kdf h'g 9Ën] C.L. phase out ul/of] / ug{{ vf]lhFb}5 tL s'/fx? ;Gtf]if hgs 5g\ . clxn];Ddsf] kl0ffd klg dg zfGt x'g] vfnsf] 5}g . oL s'/fx?nfO{ tn 5nkmn u/]/ x]g{ ;lsG5M
kIfdf cl3 ;fl/Psf ts{x? / 5nkmnM
C.L. phase out ug]{ / To;sf] ;§f + @ Pj+ CTEVT cGtu{t programs rnfpg] lg0f{osf] kIfdf cl3 ;fl/Psf d'Vo ts{x?nfO{ lgDg 9Ën] k|:t't ug{ / tL ts{x?dfly 5nkmn rnfpg ;lsG5M
!= cGt/fli6«o k|rngnfO{ k5\ofpg]M
C.L. phase out ug]{ / To;sf] ;§f + @ Pj+ CTEVT cGtu{t programs rnfpg] lg0f{osf] kIfdf lgs} hf]8sf ;fy ;fl/Psf] klxnf] ts{ xf], cGt/f{li6«o hutdf ljBfno lzIff !@ sIff;Dd x'g] u/]sf], pRr lzIff :gftsb]lv dfq z'? ul/g] k|rng /x]sf]n] g]kfnn] klg To;} ug{' plrt x'g]5 .
pQm ts{nfO{ hlt g} hf]8sf ;fy cl3 ;fg]{ ul/P klg To;df vf;} bd 5}g . h;nfO{ lgDg 9Ën] k|i6 kfg{ ;lsG5M
klxnf] s'/f, ljZjsf clwsfFz d'n'sx?df dfly elgP h:t} ljBfno lzIff !@ sIff;Ddsf] / pRr lzIff :gftsb]lv z'? x'g] ePklg sltko ljZjljBfnox?n] clxn];Dd C.L.nfO{ pRr lzIffs} k|f/lDes txsf] ?kdf sn]hx?df klg lbg] u/]sf] klg kfOG5 . o;sf] pbfx/0f vf]Hg 6f9f uO/fVg' kb}{g, xfd|} lgs6 l5d]sL d'n's ef/tdf klg b'|t ultdf !@ sIff;Dd ljBfno z'? x'Fb} uO/x]sf] eP klg s]xL ljZjljBfnox?n] sn]hx?df C.L. klg ;~rfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . To;f] x'Fbf xfdLn] klg cfjZost eP C.L. rnfpg ;S5f}F .
bf];|f], b'lgofFdf !@ sIff / :gftsaLrsf] z}lIfs k|0ffnL / ;+/rgf Ps} vfnsf 5}gg\ . k|0ffnLsf] s'/fnfO{ 5f8]/ ;+/rgfsf] dfq s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] To; txsf] lzIff lbg] ;+/rgfx? P-P8efG;_n]en, cfO{= la= -OG6/g]zgn a]sfn/]6_, l;lgo/ xfO :s'n, +2, C.L./dWodf cflb cl:tTjdf 5g\ . To;f] ePsf]n] xfd|f] C.L. system klg sfod /xg ;S5 .
t];|f], cGoq gePsf] z}lIfs k|0ffnL / ;+/rgf xfdLsxfF x'g ;S5 . lsgeg] xfdLn] xfd|f] cj:yf / cfjZostf cg';f/sf] lzIff cyjf z}lIfs k|0ffnL / ;+/rgfeGbf aflx/ hfg pko'Qm x'g] 5}g Psflt/ eg] csf]{lt/ xfd|f] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ef}uf]lns, ef}lts cj:yf, ;fdflhs dfGotf / ;DaGw, r]tgf / ljsf;sf] :t/, xfdLnfO{ rflxg] hgzlQm nufot cg]sf}F s'/fx? c? sf]xL;Fu gldNg ;S5 . To;f] ePsf]n] xfd|f] b]zsf] lzIff, z}lIfs k|0ffnL, ;+/rgf c?;Fu gldNg klg ;S5 .
rf}yf], cGt/f{li6«o k|rng eGb}df s'g} klg z}lIfs k|0ffnLnfO{ cGwfw'Gw k5\ofpg plrt x'g] 5}g . To:tf] k|0ffnLnfO{ k5\ofpFbf s] kmfObf x'G5 / gk5\ofpFbf s] a]kmfObf x'G5 eGg] s'/f ;aeGbf klxnf x]g{ h?/L x'G5 . o;/L kmfObf jf a]kmfObfsf] s'/f ug'{ ljlQs} ;aeGbf d'Vo ;jfn cGt/f{li6«o hutn] dfGotf lbG5 ls lbFb}g eGg] x'g ;S5 . . d"ntM dfGotfsf b'O{ kIf x'g ;S5g\, Ps, dflyNnf] txdf k9\gsf nflu dfGotf kfpF5 jf kfpFb}g, b'O{, hgzlQm ljb]zdf ljS5 jf laSb}g . Aojxf/df uP/ x]bf{ xfd|f C.L. systemaf6 k|df0fkq lnPsfx?nfO{ To:tf] k|df0fkq s} cfwf/df ljb]zdf k9\g hfgaf6 /f]lsPsf] clxn];Dd hfgsf/Ldf 5}g . To;}u/L, ljb]zL ahf/df xfd|f hgzlQmx? las]s} 5g\ , vf;u/L k|fljlws ljifosf hgzlQmx? . ;fdfGo ljifosf] hgzlQm t pgLx?nfO{ Tolt vfFrf] klg kb}{g .
xf], dflyNnf] tx cWoogsf nflu sltko z}lIfs ;+:yfx?n] C.L. systemm jfnfx?nfO{ dfGotf glbg klg ;S5 . t/ o;af6 cflQg'kg]{ s]xL 5}g . lsgeg], ;+;f/ k|l;4 P n]en / cfO{+ lj= l8Knf]dfsf k|df0fkqnfO{ ljZjsf ;Dk"0f{ z}lIfs ;+:yfx?n] dfGotf lbFb}g . o:tf] dfGotf eGg] s'/f z}lIfs ;+/rgf / k|0ffnLeGbf klg z}lIfs ;+:yfx?aLrsf] ;DaGw, z}lIfs aif{, kf7\ok':ts, kf7\oef/, k|l;l4 cflbdf lge{/ /xG5 .
dfly ul/Psf] 5nkmnsf] cfwf/df eGg] xf] eg] cGt/f{li6«o k|rngsf] gfddf , C.L. phase out ul/xfNg'kg]{} s'g} h?/L cyjf To;f] ubf{ xfdLnfO{ kmfObf eOxfNg] s'g] ;+efjgf klg b]lvFb}g .
@= b'u{d If]q / ljkGg ju{sf] kxF'r a[l4 ug]{M
zx/df s]lGb|t C.L. phase out u/L To;sf] ;§f zx/–ufpF ;a} If]qsf dfWolds ljBfnox?nfO{ pRr dfWolds -!! + @_ txdf ljsf; ubf{ lzIffdf b'u{d If]q / ljkGg ju{sf ljBfyL{x?sf] kxF'r a[l4 x'g ;S5, lsgeg], To;f] ul/Fbf clxn]sf] h:tf] zx/df s]lGb|t C.L. cWoogsf nflu b'u{d If]q / ljkGg ju{sf ljBfyL{x?n] 3/–ufpF 5f8]/ zx/df cfpg' kbf{ cfly{s, kfl/jfl/s, dfgl;s nufot cGo cg]sf}F vfnsf ;d:ofx? Joxf]g'{kg]{ / tL ;d:ofx?sf ;fdgf ug{ g;s]/ y'k|} ljBfyL{x?n] k9fO{ g} 5f8\g'kg]{ cj:yfsf] cGTo x'G5, ljBfyL{x?n] 3/–ufpFd} a;]/ To; txsf] k9fO{ k'/f ug{ ;S5g\ .
pQm ts{sf] ;DaGwdf cf/Ded} eGg ;lsg] s'/f s] xf] eg], cGo s'/fnfO{ 5f8]/ lzIffdf b'u{d If]q / ljkGg ju{sf] kxF'r a[l4s} nflu C.L. phase out ug]{ lg0f{o ul/Psf] xf] eg] To;f] ug'{sf] ;f6f] b'u{d–kxf8L If]qx?df C.L. extension -la:tf/_ ubf{ klg x'g] lyof] . C.L. extension ubf{ ljBfyL{x?sf kx'Fr a[l4 x'g'sf cltl/Qm Psflt/ k'/fgf] z}lIfs ;+/rgf-C.L._ aGb u/]/ gofF ;+/rgf-+@_ ;~rfng ubf{ ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ lj/f]w / ljleGg vfn] ;d:of / emd]nfx?af6 d'lQm kfOg] lyof] eg] csf]{lt/ eljiodf To;nfO{ cyjf C.L. nfO{ :gfts–:gftsf]Q/ txdf ljsf; ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] lyof] cyjf To;f] ug{sf nflu k"jf{wf/ tof/ x'g] lyof] .
bf];|f] / cem pNn]Vo s'/f s] xf] eg], Jojxf/df x]bf{ klg !) + @ system z'? u/]kl5 klg dfly elgP h:tf] b'u{d / ljkGg ju{sf] kx'Fr vf;} a[l4 x'g ;ls/x]sf] b]lvFb}g . o:tf] lsg eO/x]sf] 5 eg], + @ klg emGg} emGg} C.L. h:t} b]zsf] /fhwfgL nufot d'Vo zx/x? / lhNnf ;b/d'sfdx?df s]lGb|t eO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . tL afx]s cGoq jf ;fdfGo ufpFx?sf clt gu0o ?kdf dfq + @ x? vf]lnPsf] cj:yf 5 . h;n] ubf{, clxn] klg clwsfFz b'u{d If]q / ufpFsf ljBfyL{x?n] + @ cWoogsf nflu 3/–ufpF 5f8\g}kg]{ cj:yf 5 . elg/xg' gknf{{, 3/–ufpF 5f8]/ zx/x?df jf cGoq k9\g hfg'kbf{ b'u{d If]q / ljkGg ju{sf ljBfyL{x?n] dfly pNn]v ul/P em}F cfly{s nufot ljleGg vfn] ;d:ofx? Joxf]g}{ k5{ jf kl//x]sf] 5 / To:tf ;d:ofx?sf ;fdgf ug{ g;Sg] ljBfyL{x?n] k9fO{ 5f8\g' k5{ jf kl//x]sf] 5 . To:tf ljBfyL{x?sf] ;+Vof lgs} w]/} 5 .
csf]{lt/ x]g]{ xf] eg], clxn];Dd k"0f{ ;/sf/L nufgLdf s] ufpF, s] zx/ sxLF klg Pp6f klg + @ gvf]lnPsf] / ;a} + @ x? of t d'gfkmf cfh{g ug]{ p2]Zon] lghL nufgL / Joj:yfkgdf vf]lnPsf] of t hgtfsf nufgL / Joj:yfkgdf vf]lnPsf] sf/0f + @ sf] z'Ns w]/} dxËf] ag]sf] 5 jf agfOPsf] 5, h'g z'Ns ljkGg ljBfyL{x?n] ltg{ ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . kl/0ffdtM To:tf ljBfyL{x?n] + @ df k9\g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . cem lj1fg tyf k|fljlws ljifox?sf + @ cyjf ;f] txsf z}lIfs ;+:yfx? s]an b]zsf] /fhwfgL / s]xL 7"nf zx/x?df vf]lnPsf 5g\, To:tf z}lIfs ;+:yfx? nueu ;Dk"0f{ g} lghL nufgL / Aoj:yfkgdf vf]lnPsf] x'gfn] ToxfFsf] z'Ns clt dxËf] 5, kl/0ffdtMTo:tf ljifosf + @ cyjf ;f] txsf] lzIffaf6 b'u{d If]q / ul/a ju{sf ljBfyL{x? nueu k"0f{ ?kn] al~rt aGg'kl//x]sf 5 . o; ljifodf tYofÍ ;lxt k5fl8 lj:t[t ?kdf 5nkmn ul/g]5 .
#= ljBfyL{nfO{ ;xh jftfj/0fdf k9fpg]M
!) sIff kl5 / :gfts cl3sf] txdf k9\g] ljBfyL{x?sf] pd]/ ;fdfGotof !^–!* aif{sf x'G5, To; pd]/sf ljBfyL{x? zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, af}l4s ;a} lx;fan] kl/kSj eO;s]sf x'Fb}gg\ cyjf To; pd]/sf ljBfyL{x? cfkm\gf] 3/–ufpF, cleefjs / cfkm"n] kl9/x]sf] z}lIfs ;+:yf 5f8]/ cGo 7fpF / cGo z}lIfs ;+:yfdf cleefjsljxLg cj:yfdf a;]/ k9\gsf nflu of]Uo eO;s]sf] x'Fb}gg\, olb To;/L cGoq uP/ To; pd]/sf ljBfyL{x?n] k9\g'k¥of] eg] Psflt/ pgLx?nfO{ ljleGg vfnsf dfgl;s jf dgf]a}1flgs gsf/fTds c;/÷bafa kg{ ;S5 eg]] csf]{lt/ plrt / lgoldt cleefjsTj / /]vb]vsf] cefjdf pgLx? unt af6f]df nfUg klg ;S5g\, olb To:tf] eof] eg]M sltko ljBfyL{x?n] k9fOnfO{ /fd|f];Fu cl3 a9fpg ;Sb}gg\ eg] sltkon] k9fOnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ ?kn] 5f8\g klg ;S5g\, Toltdfq xf]Og sltkon] t k9fOnfO{ /fd|f];Fu cl3 ga9fpg] / 5f8\g] dfq xf]Og unt sfddf nfu]/ hLjg aaf{b ug{ klg jf aaf{bLsf] z'?jft ug{ klg ;S5g\ . sltkosf] ts{ s:tf] klg 5 eg], To:tf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ SofDk;df /fv]/ k9fpFbf pgLx?sf] ckl/kSjtfsf] kmfObf p7fP/ pgLx?nfO{ dlfyNnf] txsf ljBfyL{x?n] /fhgLlts ultljlw / cfGbf]ngdf k|of]u ug]{ u5{g\ / pgLx?sf] k9fO{ lau|g ;S5 .
dflysf ts{x?sf ;DaGwdf w]/} sf]0faf6 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5 . h:tf] ls, !^–!* aif{sf pd]/sf ljBfyL{x? dfgl;s–af}l4s ?kn] kl/kSj x'Fb}g eGg] s'/fnfO{ s;/L :jLsfg]{ < ha ls, b'lgofFdf To; pd]/sf sof} dflg;x?n] lj1fg, ;flxTo, snf, lzIff / cGo af}l4s sfd÷If]qdf txNsf drfPsf] /]s8{x? ;a}sf cufl8 5g\ . To;}u/L, zf/Ll/s ?kdf kl/kSj x'Fb}g eGg] s'/fnfO{ klg s;/L :jLsfg] < ha ls, d'Ss]jfhL, df;{n cf6{sf ljleGg ljwfx?, bf}8, kf}8L, ef/Qf]ng, km'6an, ng 6]lg; nufot cGo cg]sf}F v]nx? h;df ;Lksf cltl/Qm zf/Ll/s an / kl/kSjtf rflxG5 To:tf v]nx?df To; pd]/sf k|ltof]uLx?sf] afSn} ;xeflutf /xg] dfq xf]Og ltgLx?n] zfGbf/ lht xfl;n ub}{ cfPsf klg 5g\ . gsf/fTds sfdsf] pbfx/0f lbg] xf] eg] dfgl;s–af}l4s / zf/Ll/s b'j} vfnsf kl/kSjtfsf] h?/L kg]{ s:tf s:tf cfk/flws / cftÍsf/L sfddf To; pd]/sfx?sf] ;+nUgtf /xg] u/]sf] 5 . ljleGg åGb / o'4df klg To; pd]/sf JolQmx?sf] pNn]Vo ;xeflutf /xg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . nueu ;+;f/el/ g} ;]gf / k|x/Ldf etL{ x'g] cfbz{ pd]/ ToxL xf] . cflb .
csf]{ sf]0faf6 s'/f ug]{ xf] eg], !^–!* aif{sf pd]/sf ljBfyL{x? zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s–af}l4s ?kn] kl/kSj eO;s]sf] x'Fb}gg\ eg]/ dfGg] g} g xf] eg] klg pgLx?nfO{ cg's'n kl/l:yltdf /fVg] s'/feGbf t wfGg ;Sg] k|lts'n / gofF kl/l:yltdf ;fd]n u/fP/ kl/kSj agfpFb} n}hfg' l7s x'Fb}g / < eg]/ klg eGg ;lsG5 .
oxfF klg dfly h:t}, ufpF–kxf8df C.L. lj:tf/ u/]/ lsg ;xh jftfj/0f pknAw gu/fpg] t, eGg] k|Zg Psflt/ p7fpg ;lsG5 eg] csf]{lt/ ha +@ x? d"ntM 7"nf zx/ / lhNnf ;b/d'sfdx?df s]lGb|t ePsf] / ;fdfGo ufpF–3/df gu0o ?kdf dfq v'n]sf]n] To; txsf k9fOsf nflu clwsfFz ufpF–kxf8sf ljBfyL{x?n] 3/–ufpF, cleefjs / k9\b} cfPsf] z}lIfs ;+:yf 5f8\g}kg]{ cj:Yff 5 ePsf] dfq xf]Og zx/x?d} klg !) dfly +@ xf]Og ) dfly +@ tyf P n]enx? v'n]sf], CTEVT cGtu{tsf programs ;~rfng ul/Psf]n] To; 7fpFsf jf zx/sf klg y'k|} ljBfyL{x?n] k9\b} cfPsf] z}lIfs ;+:yf 5f8\g}kg]{ cj:yf 5 eg] +@ sf] dfWodaf6 ;xh aftfj/0fdf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ k9fpg] eGg] nIf s;/L k'/f eof] < eGg] ;jfn klg p7fpg ;lsG5 .
hxfF;Dd dflyNnf] txsf ljBfyL{x?n] /fhgLlts ultljlw / cfGbf]ngdf pkof]u ug]{ s'/f 5, pkof]u eGg] zAbsf ;§f ;xefuL u/fpF5g\ eGg] zAb k|of]u ug]{ xf] eg] To;f] ug'{ l7s ls a]l7s eg]/ nfd} 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5 . o; n]vsf] d'n ljifo cs}{ ePsf]n] Totfkl§sf] 5nkmnfO{ 5f8]/ Pp6f dfq s'/f 5f]6s/Ldf eGg] xf] eg] eGg ;lsG5, clxn];Dd ljBfyL{x?n] ub}{ cfO/x]sf] jf u/]sf] /fhgLlts ultljlw / cfGbf]ngx? slxNo} klg unt s'/fsf nflu ePsf 5}gg\, h;k|lt pgLx?n] zL/ em'sfpg / kZrftfk ug{' k/f];\ jf k/]sf] xf];\ . a?, pgLx?sf cfGbf]ngn] b]z, hgtf / cfkm\gf] ;d'bfosf nflu w]/} 7"N7"nf pknlAwx? k|fKt u/fPsf 5g\, h;nfO{ x/]s ;r]t / ;2] dflg;n] pRr d"NofÍg / ;Ddfg u/]sf 5g\ . To;f] ePsf]n] !^–@* pd]/sf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ C.L.– system sfod} /fv]/ sn]hx?df k7fpFbf dflyNnf] txsf ljBfyL{x?n] /fhgLlts ultljlw / cfGbf]ngdf ;+nUg u/fpF5g\ / pgLx?sf] k9fO{ lau|G5 eGg] s'/fsf] s'g} t's 5}g .
$= ljZjljBfnosf] ef/ sd u/L pRr lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ a[l4 ug]{M
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ljZjljBfnosf] ef/ sd u/L u'0f:t/ a[l4 ug]{ eGg' ljlQs} of] s'/f lqe"jg ljZjljBfnosf] ;Gbe{df elgPsf] xf] eg]/ a'em\g'kg]{ x'G5 . lsgls, lqe"jg ljZjljBfno afx]s cGo ljZjljBfnox?df ef/ a9L 5Fb} 5}g, a? lgs} sd 5 . of] s'/f k|foM ;a}nfO{ yfxf ePsf]] x'gfn] o; af/]df ulxl/P/ hfg' h?/L 5}g . Pp6f dfq tYonfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] klg pQm s'/f 5n{Ë} x'g ;S5 . h:tf] ls, lqe"jg ljZjljBfnodf cf};tdf nueu ;fF9] b'O{ nfv ljBfyL{x? lgoldt ?kdf cWoog ug]{ u5{g\ eg] cGo s'g} klg ljZjljBfnodf lgoldt ljBfyL{x?sf] ;+Vof !) xhf/ klg k'Ub}g . o;nfO{ k|ltztdf eGg] xf] eg] pRr lzIffdf cWoog/t lgoldt ljBfyL{x?dWo] nueu () k|ltzt lqe"jg ljZjljBfno cGtu{t cWoog ub{5g\ eg] cGo $ j6f ljZjljBfodf nueu !) k|ltzt ljBfyL{x? cWoog ub{5g\ . o;} cg'kftdf lzIfs–sd{rf/Lx?sf] / z}lIfs–k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfsf] ef/ ljleGg ljZjljBfnox?df 5 .
Psyl/ dflg;x?sf] wf/0ff 5, lqe"jg ljZjljBfnodf ljBfyL{x?sf] ef/ a9L ePsf] sf/0fn] lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ a[l4 ug{ g;lsPsf] xf], of] ;d:ofaf6 d'lQm kfpg] cg]s pkfox?dWo] C.L. phase out ;aeGbf k|efjsf/L pkfo xf] .
cln lj:tf/df eGg] xf] eg], To:tf dflg;x?sf] ljrf/df lqe"jg ljZjljBfnodf ljBfyL{x?sf] ef/ a9L ePsf] sf/0f SofDk;b]lv ljZjljBfnosf] s]Gb|Lo lgsfo;Ddn] ug'{kg]{ cyjf ToxfFleq x'g'kg]{ ljleGg If]qsf / ljleGg lsl;dsf sfdx? /fd|f];Fu x'g ;s]g . To:tf sfdx? cg]s 5g\ h;nfO{ ;lj:tf/ pNn]v ug{ h?/L 5}g . t/ 5f]6s/Ldf eGg] xf] eg], SofDk;leq /fd|f] z}lIfs jftfa/0f ePg jf lzIfsn] ljBfyL{x?nfO{ /fd|f];Fu k9fpg ;Sg] l:ylt ePg, ef}lts, z}lIfs ;fdu|L nufot of]Uo lzIfs–sd{rf/Lx?sf] cefj eof]b]lv lnP/ dflyNnf] lgsfon] kf7\oqmd–kf7\ok':tsx?nfO{ cBfjlws ug]{, kf7\ok':tsx? k|sfzg ug{], ljleGg z}lIfs sfo{qmdx? agfpg] / ltgLx?nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{–u/fpg], z}lIfs–k|zf;lgs hgzlQmnfO{ /fd|f];Fu kl/rfng ug]{, pgLx?sf] sfdsf] /]vb]v, lg/LIf0f, cg'udg, d'NofÍg ug]{, cfkm";Fu ePsf ef}lts ;Dkltx?sf] nut /fVg] / ltgLx?nfO{ ;xL 9Ën] pkof]u ug]{, ljleGg vfn] z}lIfs–k|fl1s, cfly{s nufotsf of]hgf agfpg] / sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs 9Ën] ug{ ;ls/xsf] 5}g . To;}u/L z}lIfs Sofn]08/ d]G6]g x'g, ljBfyL{x?sf] plrt d"NofÍg k|0ffnL lgdf{0f ug{, ePs} k|0ffnLnfO{ klg /fd|f];Fu sfof{Gjog ug{, kl/Iff ;dodf / /fd|f];F ;DkGg ug{ / ;dodf l/hN6 lbg] ug{, cfly{s cefjsf] sf/0f lzIfs–sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ k|f/lDes–k'gtf{huL tflnd lbg ;lsPg, cflb . oL ;a} ;d:ofx?sf] kl/0ffd :j?k ljZjljBfnosf] z}lIfs u'0f:t/ a[l4 x'g ;s]g .
cjZo klg dfly pNn]v ul/Psf ;a} ;d:ofx? lqe"jg ljZjljBfnodf 5g\ dfq xf]Og tL afx]s klg c? y'k}| ;d:ofx? ToxfF 5g\ / tL ;d:ofx?sf sf/0f z}lIfs u'0f:t/df gsf/fTds k|efj kl//x]sf] klg 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ :jLsfg{ ;lsG5 t/, To;nfO{ ljBfyL{x?sf] a9L ef/÷rfks} clgjfo{ kl/0ffdsf] ?kdf lsdfy{ :jLsfg{ ;lsFb}g . o; s'/fnfO{ pbfx/0faf6 klg k|i6 kfg{ ;lsG5 .
;aeGbf klxnf pN6f] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf dx]Gb| ;+:s[t ljZjljBfnonfO{ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . dx]Gb| ;+:s[t ljZjljBfno g]kfnsf] bf];|f] k'/fgf] / ;aeGbf sd ljBfyL{ ef/ ePsf] ljZjljBfno xf] . oxfF nueu # xhf/ ljBfyL{x? cWoog ug]{ u5{g\ . oxfF ljBfyL{sf] cg'kftdf lzIfs, sd{rf/L, z}lIfs–ef}lts ;fdu|Lx?sf] cefj xf]Og a? k|fr'o{tf 5, oxfF cfly{s cefj klg 5}g, ljBfyL{x?nfO{ klg cGoqeGbf a9L cfly{s–ef}lts ;'ljwf 5 . t/, of] ljZjljBfno klg lqe"jg ljZjljBfnodf ePsf h:t} jf dfly pNn]v ul/Psf h:t} ;d:ofx?af6 u|l;t 5 .
bf];|f] / ;'N6f] pbfx/0f P n]en / cfO{=la= l8Knf]df lzIffnfO{ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . P n]ensf] ;~hfn sl/a !&) b]zx?df km}lnO{ ;s]sf] 5 eg] cfO{=la= l8Knf]df klg sl/a !@* b]zx?df z'? eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . oL b'j}sf] ;~hfndf xhf/f}F z}lIfs ;+:yfx? cfa4 5g\ h;df nfvf}F ljBfyL{x? cWoog ug]{ u5{g\, To;} cg'kftdf lzIfs–sd{rf/L sfo{/t 5g\ . o;/L ;+;f/el/ km}lnPsf] / ljBfyL{x?sf] ;+Vof cToGt} a9L ePsf] oL b'j} programssf] u'0f:t/ ljZj k|l;4 5 .
o; pbfx/0fdf s:tf] ts{ cl3 ;fl/g ;S5 eg], tL programs ;~rfng ug]{ s]Gb|n] kf7\oqmd lbg] / kl/Iff lng] dfq xf], c? s'/f t ;DalGwt z}lIfs ;+:yfn] g} ug]{ ePsf]n] z}lIfs ;+:yfx? jf ;~hfnsf] lj:tf/ / ljBfyL{x?sf] ef/n] s]xL km/s kfb}{g . o:tf] ts{nfO{ hjfkm lbg] u/L s] eGg ;lsG5 eg], olb To;f] ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5 lqe"jg ljZjljBfnonfO{ klg To:t} 9Ën] rnfP eOxfNof] lg t, eg] C.L. phase out ug{lt/ lsg nfUg] t < Toltdfq xf]Og, of] klg eGg ;lsG5, lqe"jg ljZjljBfnodf klg pks'nkltn] SofDk;sf] 306L ahfpg] / kl/Iffsf] uf8{ a:g hfg] ub}{gg\, o;sf] dtna, oxfF klg sfo{ljefhg 5, ljleGg kb÷AolQm / ;+/rgfdf, ;a} sfd Pp6} AolQm / lgsfon] ug'{kb}{g . t/ klg oxfF ;d:of lsg 5 eg], sfo{ljefhg cg';f/ ;a}n] /fd|f];Fu sfd u/]sf 5}gg\ .
dflysf] b'O{ j6f pbfx/0f / 5nkmnaf6 s] lgisif{ lgsfNg ;lsG5 eg] s'g} klg z}lIfs ;+:yfx?df ;d:ofx? pTkGg x'g' jf gx'g' cyjf s'g} klg z}lIfs ;+:yfsf] u'0f:t/ /fd|f] x'g' jf gx'g'df ljBfyL{x?sf] ;+Vof lg0ff{os sf/0f xf]Og /x]5, a?, To; z}lIfs ;+:yfsf ljleGg lhDd]jf/Ldf a:g]x?sf] e"ldsf, Ifdtf, sfd ug]{ tl/sf, OdfGbfl/tf cflb lg0ff{os aGbf] /x]5 . xf], To;sf cltl/Qm c? klg y'k|} s'/fx?sf] dxTj x'G5 z}lIfs ;+:yf ;~rfngsf nflu eGg] s'/fnfO{ e'Ng ;lsFb}g . t/ klg s'/f s] xf] lhDd]jf/Ldf a;]sf JolQmx? ;Ifd, OdfGbf/ / ;lqmo eOlbP eg] To:tf cfjZos s'/fx? pknAw 5g\ eg] ltgLx?nfO{ /fd|f];Fu ;~rfng ub{5g\ / To:tf s'/fx? 5}gg\ eg] klg h'6fpg÷agfpg / ltgLx?nfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;kmn x'g ;S5g\ . of] s'/f lqe"jg ljZjljBfnosf] xsdf klg nfu" x'g] ePsf]n] o; ljZjljBfnodf ljleGg vfn] ;d:ofx? pTkGg x'g' / lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ a[l4 x'g g;Sg'sf] lg0ff{os sf/0f ljBfyL{x?sf] a9L ef/ xf]Og . To;f] ePsf]n] lqe"jg ljZjljBfnodf ljBfyL{sf] ef/ sd u/L z}lIfs u'0f:t/ a[l4 ug{sf nflu C.L. phase out ug]{ eGg] s'/f lrQa'em\bf] 5}g .
k|;Ëjz, z}lIfs ;+:yf afx]s cGo pbfx/0f lbg] xf] eg], b]z s;/L rnfpg] t < s'g} klg b]zsf hg;+Vof ljZjljBfnosf] eGbf sd / b]z rnfpg' z}lIfs ;+:yf rnfpg'eGbf sd hl6n x'G5 / <
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df t b]z klg sxfF /fd|/L rn]sf] 5 / < eGg klg ;lsPnf t/, xfd|} l5d]sL b]z rLg ljZjsf] ;aeGbf a9L hg;+Vof / Tolt ljzfn e"efudf km}lnPsf] 5, ;g\ @)$& df qmflGt ;DkGg ePsf] a]nf p;sf] cj:yf xfd|} h:tf] lyof], ;du|tfdf s'/f ug]{ p;sf e"uf]n / xfjfkfgL klg xfd|f] h:tf] /fd|f] 5}g t/, p;n] s;/L cfkm"nfO{ Aojl:yt agfpFb} ;+;f/nfO{ rlst kfg]{ u/L ljsf; ul//x]sf] 5 .
csf]{ kf6f]sf] s'/f ug]{ xf] eg], lq"ejg ljZjljBfnodf ljBfyL{x?sf] ef/ a9L eof] eg]/ C.L. phase out ug]{ s'/f ul//xFbf Tof] ef/ lqe"jg ljZjljBfnon] eGbf a9L ef/ af]s/x]sf] ljBfno lzIffdf nu]/ s;/L yf]kg]{ s'/f s;/L ;+ultk"0f{ / plrt xf]nf < To;f] ug'{ ljBfno lzIffdf rflxF ef/L dfly ;'kf/L agfpg' x'Fb}g / < x'gt sltkon] eGg ;Snfg\, ljBfno / + @ sf] ef/ Ps} 7fpFdf hfFb}g . x'g;S5, s]xL ef/ t Ps} 7fpFdf ghf]l8Pnf, t/ !) dfly g} + @ vf]Ng'kg]{ ePkl5 -dfGotf oxL xf]_ tnsf] ef/ t Ps} 7fpFdf kg]{ g} eof], Toltdfq xf]Og tL b'j}nfO{ lzIff dGqfnon] x]g'kg]{ ePsf]n] dfly klg ef/ hf]l8g] g} eof] . Ps b'O{ j6f ef/ ghf]l8Ps} cfwf/df b'j}sf] ef/ Ps} 7fpF kb}{g eGg] xf] eg] t cf/= cf/= SofDk; / z+s/b]j SofDk;sf] ef/ Ps} 7fpFdf kb}{g, dfgljsL ;+sfosf] ef/ Aoj:yfkg ;+sfodf kb}{g, To;f] eP lqe"jg ljZjljBfnodf ljBfyL{x?sf] ef/ lsg a9L eof] eGg] t <
olb, lq"ejg ljZjljBfnodf ljBfyL{x?sf] ef/ a9L eof] eGg] dfg]/ C.L. phase out ug]{ xf] eg] Tof]eGbf a9L ef/ af]s]sf] ljZjljBfn lzIffdf s] ug]{ < s] ca ljBfno lzIffnfO{ km'6fP/ rnfpg] t < o:tf k|Zgx? klg p7fpg ;lsG5 .
yk s'/f ug]{ xf] eg], C.L. phase out k"0f{ ?kn] ug]{ xf] eg] k|fljlws ljifox?sf :gfts txdf ljBfyL{x? ;a} Science sf] +2 af6 lng'kg]{ x'G5 . ca oxfF k|Zg ug{ ;lsG5, o;/L Science sf] +2 af6 ljBfyL{x? lnFbf :gfts cyjf ;f]eGbfdflysf] pTkfbg /fd|f] x'G5 ls, ;DalGwt ljifox?df C.L. af6} specialized u/]sf ljBfyL{x? lnFbf /fd|f] x'G5 < k"jf{u|x /lxt / oyfy{ k/s 9Ën] d"NofÍg eGg'kbf{, kl5Nnf] k|s[ltsf ljBfyL{ lnFbf /fd|f] x'G5 . lsgeg] p;n] C.L. d} ljifo s]Gb|Lt eP/ k9\g'kbf{ ;DalGwt ljifodf y'k|} s'/fx? l;ls;s]sf] x'g]5g\ .
%= o; txsf] u'0f:t/ / ptL0f{ k|ltzt a[l4 ug]{M
C.L. phase out u/L +@ system df hfFbf To; txsf ljBfyL{x?sf] u'0f:t/ / ptL0f{ k|ltzt a[l4 x'g]5 eGg] ts{ klg /flvPsf] lyof] . o:tf] s;/L x'G5 eGg] s'/f Tolt w]/} k|i6 kfl/Psf] 5}g . ;+ejtM+@ systemdf hfFbf ljBfyL{x?n] dfly rrf{ ul/P h:tf] ;xh jftfj/0f / cleefjssf] ;xof]u / /]vb]v kfpg'sf;fy} /fhgLlts ultljlw / cfGbf]ngaf6 cnu /xg ;Sg] ePsf]n] To; txdf k9\g] ljBfyL{x?sf] u'0f:t/ a[l4 x'g'sf ;fy} ptL0f{ k|ltztdf klg a[l4 x'g ;Sg]5, eGg vf]lhPsf] xf]nf .
o; ts{sf] v08g, s]xL xb;Dd dfly rrf{ ul/Ps} s'/fx?af6 klg eO;s]sf] 5 . h:tf] ls, dfly rrf{ ul/P cg';f/, +@ system z'? eP kl5 klg clwsfFz ljBfyL{x?n] 3/–ufpF / k9\b} cfPsf] :s"n 5f8\g kl//x]sf]n] ;xh jftfj/0f / cleefjsTj b'j} kfpg ;Sg] 5}gg\ . To;f] ePsf]n] h'g sf/0fn] +@ sf ljBfyL{x?sf] u'0f:t/ / ptL0f{ k|ltzt a[l4 x'g]5 elgPsf] xf], w]/} xb;Dd Tof] sf/0f} sfod /xg] b]lvFb}g . To;y{, pNn]lvt ts{df vf;} bd 5}g .
ts{nfO{ 5f8]/ kl/0ffd s} d"NofÍg ug]{ xf] eg] klg, oyfy{ / ;Dk"0f{tfdf u'0f:t/sf] a[l4 ePs} 5}g klg, o;sf] af/]df kl5 a[xt 5nkmn ul/g]5 . hxfF;Dd ptL0f{ k|ltzt a[l4sf] s'/f 5, ;du|tfdf s]xL xb;Dd a[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 t/ dfly elgPsf] sf/0fn] xf]Og . To;sf sf/0fx? c? g} 5g\ . h:tf] ls, C.L. sf nflu Aofs k]k/–kl/Iff lbg] k|fAwfg eP klg, df}sf kl/Iffsf] k|fAwfg gx'g' t/ +@ sf nflu df}sf kl/Iffsf] ;d]t k|fAwfg /flvg'nfO{ klxnf] sf/0fsf] ?kdf lng'kb{5 eg] bf];|f] sf/0fsf] ?kdf olb dflg;x?sf] cf/f]k jf egfO{ ;To x'g\ eg], +@ df kl/Iff pGd'v k9fO{ x'g'sf cltl/Qm kl/Iffsf] k|ZgfjnL lgdf{0fb]v lnP/ kl/Iff ;~rfng, d"NofÍg ;a}df lbOg] ;x'lnot, u8a8L, v's'nf]kg cflbnfO{ lng'kb{5 . ca oxLFg]/ eGg ;lsG5, olb oL b'O{ sf/0fn] +@ sf] ptL0f{ k|ltzt a[[l4 ePsf] xf] eg] u'0f:t/ t cjZo klg sdhf]/ x'G5 .
+@ sf] ptL0f{ k|ltztsf] ;DaGwdf csf]{ klg gsf/fTds kIf s] 5, ;du|ufdf ptL0f{ k|ltzt a[l4 x'Fb} cfPsf] ePklg ul/a ljBfyL{x? cWoog ug]{ ;fd'bflos +@ / d"ntM b'u{d, kxf8, ufpFsf +@ x?sf] ptL0f{ k|ltzt clt Go"g 5, Tof] C.L. sf] eGbf klg w]/} sd 5 .
gelgPsf] leqL / jf:tljs sf/0fM
aflx/ elgPsf] sf/0fsf] af/]df dfly rrf{ ul/of] . t/ aflx/ gelgPsf sf/0fx? y'k|} 5g\ dfq xf]Og jf:tjdf logLx? rflxF jf:tljs x'g\ . h'g sf/0fx? d'V ?kn] lgDg x'g ;S5g\ M
!= /fhgLlts :jfy{M
C.L. phase out ug]{ / To;sf] ;§f +2 tyf CTEVT cGtu{utsf Programs ;~rfng ug]{ lg0f{o ;+of]un] @)$^÷$& sf] hgcfGbf]ng kl5 eP klg o;sf] ljpm k~rfotsfnd} /f]lkPsf] lyof] . k~rfotL zf;sx?n] o:tf] lg0f{o ug{ vf]Hg'sf] k5fl8 uDeL/ /fhgLlts :jfy{ jf p2]Zo n's]sf] lyof] . cem o;nfO{ k|i6 ?kdf eGg'kbf{, @)!& ;fndf lgb{nLo / lg/ª\s'z k~rfotL Aoj:yf d'n'sdf nflbP kl5 To;nfO{ c? s'g} klg /fhgLlts zlQmn] eGbf ljBfyL{x?n] r'gf}lt lbg] / To;sf] d[To"sf] 306L ahfpg] sfd u/]sf lyP . To;f] ePsf] x'gfn] k~rfotsf 7]s]bf/x?nfO{ s] nfu]sf] lyof] eg] olb ljBfyL{ zlQmnfO{ ljeflht / sdhf]/ kfg]{ xf] eg] pgLx?sf] zf;gsf cfo' / r}gsf lbg w]/} nfdf] x'g] 5 . o:tf] vfnsf] cg'e"lt @)#^ ;fnsf] ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ng kl5 pgLx?nfO{ emg} ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . To;kl5 pgLx?n] ljBfyL{ zlQmnfO{ ljeflht / sdhf]/ agfpg] pkfox? ;f]Rb} hfFbf ;aeGbf /fd|f] pkfo C.L. phase out ug]{ / To;sf] ;§f +2 tyf CTEVT cGtu{utsf Programs ;~rfng ug'{ x'g] b]v] . lsgeg], ljBfyL{ zlQmdWo] klg ljBfnosf] eGbf SofDk;sfn] pgLx?nfO{ cK7\of/f]df kfb}{ cfPsf lyP . pgLx?n] cfkm"n] ;f]r]sf] pkfonfO{ sfof{Gjo ug]{ lbzfdf sfdnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg z'? ul/klg xfn] . t/, sfd b|'t ultdf cl3 al9/x]s} a]nf k~rfotL Aoj:yff ;dfKt eof] . t/ lj8Dagf k~rfot 9n] klg k~rfotL Aoj:yfsf cfo' a9fpgsf nflu Nofpg vf]lhPsf] C.L. phase out ug]{ / To;sf] ;§f +2 tyf CTEVT cGtu{utsf Programs ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{qmd k~rfotL Aoj:yf 9flnPkl5 klg / k~rfotL Aoj:yfnfO{ 9fNg]x? ;/sf/ k'u]sf] a]nfdf klg /f]lsPg .
x'g;S5, k~rfotL Aoj:yfsf] cGTo kZrft\sf] klxnf] cfd r'gfjaf6 ;'ljwfhgs ax'dt NofP/ cfkm\gf] kf6L{sf] Psnf}6L ;/sf/ agfpg ;kmn g]kfnL sfFu|];nfO{ r'gfas} dfwodaf6 ePklg aL;f}F aif{ zf;g rnfpg ;lsg] 5, To;/L zf;g rnfpFbf k|ltkIfL / cfGbf]gsf/L zlQm sdhf]/ eP pgLx?nfO{ ;lhnf] x'g]5, ;aeGbf ;zQm cfGbf]gsf/L zlQmsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ljBfyL{ zlQmnfO{ sdhf]/ kfg{ ;lsP ;lhnf] x'g]5, To;sf nflu ljBfyL{ zlQmnfO{ ljeflht kfg'{ ;aeGbf /fd|f] pkfo x'g]5 . To;} ePsf]n] pgLx?n] klg C.L. phase out ug]{ / To;sf] ;§f +2 tyf CTEVT cGtu{utsf Programs ;~rfng ug{] lg0f{o ug{ k'u] .
@= cfly{s :jfy{MM
C.L. phase out ug]{ / To;sf] ;§f +2 tyf CTEVT cGtu{utsf Programs ;~rfng ug]{ lg0f{o ul/g'sf] k5fl8sf] csf]{ pNn]Vo sf/0f lzIffdf cfly{s nufgL ug]{ lhDd]jf/Laf6 ;/sf/ efUg] p2]Zo k'/f ug{' klg xf] . ;/sf/n] lzIffdf cfkmgf] ah]6sf] nueu @) k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf nufgL ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . ;f] nufgLsf] lgs} pNn]Vo lx:;f pRr lzIffsf nflu vr{ x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . pRr lzIffdf nfUg] vr{sf] nueu ()–*) ;/sf/n] lx:;f ;/sf/n] Joxf]g'{ kl//x]sf] cj:yf 5 / pRr lzIffdf ;/sf/n] Joxf]g'{kg]{ vr{dWo] neue %) k|ltzt lx:;f C.L. programs df hfG5 . o;sf] dtna, C.L. phase out ug]{ xf] eg] ;/sf/n] pRr lzIffdf ub}{ cfPsf] nufgL nueu %) k|ltzt g} 36\g]5 . csf]{lt/ clxn]sf] h:tf] +2 tyf CTEVT cGtu{utsf Programs df cfly{s nufgL gug]{ xf] eg] clGtd ?kdf g} lzIffdf ;/sf/L nufgL 36\g ;Sg]5 . ;/sf/ ToxL 9Ën] g} cl3 al9/x]sf] klg 5 .
#= ljb]zLsf] zt{ / bafa
zlQmzfnL / bft[ ljb]zL /fi6«x? / ljleGg cfly{s–ljQLo ;+3;+:yfx?n] cfly{s ;xof]u lbFbf xf];\ cyjf glbPsf] cj:yfdf klg cyjf ;xof]u lbOg] If]q;Fu ;DalGwt xf];\ cyjf c? g} If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg vfnsf zt{ nfb\g] / bafa lbg] sf]lzz u5{g\ . To:tf sfdx? slxn] ;a{;fwf/0fn] ;d]t yfxf kfpg] u/L x'g] u5{g\ . zt{x? s:tf x'g ;S5g\ eg]/ Pp6f ;fgf] pbfx/0f oxfF /fVg] xf] eg], of]eGbf] cufl8 ADB n] c?0f–t];|f]df nufgL ug]{ x'Fbf g]kfnn] lah'nLsf] efpm a9fpFb} nfg'kg]{ zt{ klg /fv]sf] lyof], To;/L a9fpFbf klg slxn];Dd slt a9fpg'kg]{ ;Ddsf] zt{ lyof] .
C.L. phase out sf] af/]df ljb]zL zt{sf] s'/f t k|i6} 5 lg, lq=lj=n] pRr lzIffsf] ef}lts ;'wf/ ug]{ / C.L. phase out ug]{ zt{df World Bank af6 sl/a ! c/a ?k}ofF C0f–;xof]u lnPsf] lyof], ;f] zt{ cg';f/ sfd ug{ / ;f] /sd ljleGg sfddf kl/rfng ug{ Higher Education Project gfdsf] ;+oGq agfOPsf] lyof] .
$= lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{M
C.L. phase out ug]{ / To;sf] ;§f +2 tyf CTEVT cGtu{utsf Programs ;~rfng ug]{ lg0f{o ul/g'sf] k5fl8 lzIffdf lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ p2]Zon] klg s]xL xb;Dd sfd u/]sf] 5 . lzIffdf lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ vf]Hg'sf] k5fl8 lgDg tLg sf/0f d"Vo 5g\ M
klxnf] sf/0f, cfly{s cjwf/0f / dfGotf;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . ;+;f/df s]xL ;do otf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] nx/ rln/x]sf] . g]kfndf sltko /fhgLlts bn, g]tf, cy{zf:qL, ljleGg If]qsf ljåfgx? cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] kIfdf 5g\ .
cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] dfGotf cg';f/ l;+uf] cy{Aoj:yfdf /fHosf] e"ldsf / bfloTj -;xof]ufTds, lgofds, lgoGq0ffTds ;a} vfn]_ Go"g cyjf z"Go ul/g'k5{ . /fHo afx]ssf stf{x?nfO{ cfkm\gf] sfd ug{ v'nf 5fl8g'k5{ .
lghLs/0f cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fs} Pp6f lx:;f jf ljz]iftf xf] . lghLs/0fsf] dfGotf ljleGg If]qdf /fHosf] e"ldsf / bfloTj Go"g jf z"Go u/]/ lghL If]qsf] e"ldsf / bfloTj a9fOg'k5{ eGg] xf] .
cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f / lghLs/0fsf] dfGotf af]Sgx?n] g]kfndf lzIff, :jf:Yo h:tf] ;]jfsf] If]qdf klg /fHosf] bfloTj / e"ldsf sd ul/g' jf z"Go kfl/g'k5{ / /fHosf] ;§f lghL If]qsf] e"ldsf / bfloTjnfO{ a9fpFb} n}hfg'k5{ eGb} cfPsf 5g\ . To:tf dfGotf af]Sg]x? cfkmgf\ ljrf/ /fVg] txdf dfq xf]Ogg\ ljleGg ;dodf lg0ff{os tx / kbdf klg k'Ug] u/]sf 5g\, To:tf] gePsf] a]nfdf klg pgLx? lg0ff{os tx / kbdf a:g]x?nfO{ k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] x}l;ot / cj:yfdf 5g\ . o;}sf] ;dRro kl/0ffdn] klg C.L. phase out ug]{ / To;sf] ;§f +2 tyf CTEVT cGtu{utsf Programs ;~rfng ug]{ lg0f{o ul/g'df w]/–yf]/ e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 .
bf];|f] sf/0f, lghL z}lIfs ;+:yf ;~rfnsx?sf] bafa–k|efj xf] . o; s'/fnfO{ g3'dfO{ / gnDAofO{ eGg] xf] eg], lghL z}lIfs ;+:yfx?sf] ;+Vof, ;~hfn, Pstf, cfly{s x}l;ot, To:tf ;+:yf ;~rfnsx?dWo] sltsf] lg0ff{os AolQmx?;Fusf] ljleGg vfnsf] ;DaGw, sltko /fhgLlts bn;Fusf] ;+nUgtf / kx'Fr cflb ;an ePsf] sf/0f Psflt/ lg0f{ostf{x?n] cfkm ;] cfkm g} lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] lg0f{o ug{] u5{g\ csf]{lt/ cfjZostf k¥of] lghL z}lIfs ;+:yf ;~rfnsx?n] lg0f{ostf{x?nfO{ ljleGg 9Ën] bafa lbP/ cyjf k|efljt u/]/ cfkm\gf] kIfdf cyjf lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ vfnsf lg0f{o u/fpg ;S5g\ .
C.L. phase out ug]{ / To;sf] ;§f +2 tyf CTEVT cGtu{utsf Programs ;~rfng ug]{ lg0f{o ul/g'df klg lghL z}lIfs ;+:yf ;~rfnsx?sf] k|efj / bafan] klg s]xL dfqfdf sfd u/]sf] 5 .
t];|f] sf/0f, sltko g]tf, dGqL, ljleGg :t/sf /fhgLlts sfo{stf{, lzIff nufot ljleGg If]qsf pRr kbflwsf/Lx?, lzIfsx? / ltgLx?sf gftfuf]tf cyjf lgs6:y AolQmx? klg lghL z}lIfs ;+:yf ;~rfngdf ;+nUg x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfn] klg ljleGg ;dodf lzIffdf lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ lsl;dsf lg0f{ox? x'gdf d2t k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] 5 . C.L. phase out ug]{ / To;sf] ;§f +2 tyf CTEVT cGtu{utsf Programs ;~rfng ug]{ lg0f{o x'g'df klg To; s'/fn] s]xL xb;Dd sfd u/]sf] 5 .
%=cGw gSsnM
cGt/f{li6«o hutdf rn]sf] cyjf ljsl;t d'nsdf rn]sf ljleGg rngnfO{ TolQs} cyjf kmfObf–a]kmfObf af/] /fd|f];Fu gx]l/sg gSsn ug]{ k|j[lQ / k|rng klg b'lgofFdf AofKt 5Fb}5 . To:t} k|j[lQ / k|rngsf] sf/0fn] klg C.L. phase out ug]{ / To;sf] ;§f +2 tyf CTEVT cGtu{utsf Programs ;~rfng ug]{ lg0f{o u/fpgdf yf]/} eP klg an k'¥ofPsf] x'g'k5{ .
pTkGg ePsf / pTkGg x'g ;Sg] ;d:ofx?M
C.L. phase out u/L To;sf] ;§f +2 tyf CTEVT cGtu{utsf Programs ;~rfng ul/Fbf ljleGg k|s[ltsf ;d:ofx? b]vf k/]sf] cyjf kg{ ;Sg] ;+efjgf 5 . tLdWo] d"Vo ;d:ofx? lgDg 5g\ M
!= u'0f:t/ v:sg]M
C.L phase u/L +@ tyf CTEVT df hfFbf To; txsf] z}lIfs u'0f:t/ a[l4 x'g]5 elgFb} cfPsf] 5 . t/ kl/0ffd To;sf] To;sf] l7s ljkl/t cyjf u'0f:t/ v:sg] ;+efjgf a9L b]lvPsf] 5 . lsgeg] lzIffdf u'0f:t/ k|bfg ug{sf nflu clt cfjZos tTjdWo] of]Uo lzIfsx? tyf ef}lts Pj+ z}lIfs ;fwgx? d"Vo tTj x'g\ . tL tTjx?sf] cefj clwsfFz +@ x?df x'g] lglZrt 5 . vf;u/L b'u{d, kxf8L / u|fdL0f If]qdf vf]lnPsf jf vf]lng] +@ x? -zx/s} klg ;/sf/L +@ x?df_ o:tf] cefj x'g]5 . lsgls, To:tf +@ x?n] cfly{s ;d:ofsf] sf/0f of]Uotf k|fKt -k|df0fkq ePsf]_, of]Uo -Ifdtf ePsf]_ / ljifo cg';f/sf] cfjZos ;+Vofdf Joj:yf ug{ g;Sg] dfq xf]Og oyf]lrt tna / cGo ;'ljwfx? gkfpg], tL 7fpFx?df cGo ljljw vfn] cj;/ / ;'ljwfx?sf] cefj x'g]b]lv lnP/ cGo y'|k|} vfnsf] Jofjxfl/s sl7gfOx?sf sf/0f To:tf lzIfsx? tL 7fpFx?sf] +@ x?df cGo ljsNk afFsL /x];Dd hfg rfxFb}gg\ / sltkon] hfg rfx] klg ;+ej gx'g ;S5 . csf]{lt/, ef}lts tyf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx?sf] s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] cfly{s b'/fj:yfsf sf/0f b]zsf clwsfFz ;/sf/L ljBfnox?sf] l:ylt clt bogLo eO/x]sf] cyjf a:g] a]Gr, sIff sf]7fb]lv lnP/ sfnf] kf6L ;d]tsf] cefj ef]Ug'kl//xs]f cj:yfdf To:tf ljBfnox?df +@ vf]Ng] t/ ;/sf/L nufgL gug]{ gLlt lng] xf] eg] To:tf ;d:ofx? emg\ a9]/ hfg]5 cyjf cj:yf rf}k6 x'g]5 . cem To:tf +@ x?df k|of]ufTds ljifox?sf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lx? pknAw x'g] t s'g} +;efjgf x'g] 5}g . Toltdfq xf]Og tL 7fpFx?df ahf/sf] cefjdf ljBfyL{x?n] k':ts nufot cGo z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx? lsGg ;d]t kfpg] 5}gg\ . csf]{ kf6f]af6 s'/f ug]{ ljBfyL{x?n] u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf nflu C.L. df k|fKt ub}{ cfPsf y'k|} ;'ljwfx?af6 al~rt x'g'kg]{ 5 . oL ;a}sf] kl/0ffd :j?k C.L. sf]eGbf To:tf +@ x?sf] u'0f:t/ sdhf]/ x'g] kSsf 5 .
Toltdfq xf]Og, ljBfyL{x?nfO{ ptL0f{ u/fpg ljleGg vfn] unt sfdx? tnb]lv dfly;Ddaf6 x'g] ;+efjgf x'G5 . lsgeg], rfx] ;fd'bflos xf];\ rfx] lghL +2 kl/Iffdf ljBfyL{x? kf; ePgg\ eg] kl5Nnf aif{x?df c? ljBfyL{x? gcfpg] / ljBfno g} aGb ug'{kg]{ l:ylt klg cfpg ;Sg] ePsf]n] h;/L eP klg a9LeGbf a9L ljBfyL{x?nfO{ kf; u/fpg ljleGg 9Ësf sf]lzz ul/g ;S5 . olb o:tf] eof] eg] ljBfyL{x? ptL0f{ eP klg pgLx?sf] u'0f:t/ x'Fb}g . csf]{lt/ o:tf] s'/f yfxf kfO;s]kl5 clwsfFz ljBfyL{x?n] k9fOdf oyf]lrt Wofg klg lbFb}g . o:tf] eof] eg] u'0f:t/ v:sg] t lgZlrt 5 .
@= cfly{s ef/ / df/ ljBfyL{÷cleefjs dfly kg]{M
dfly klg ljleGg k|;Ëdf rrf{ eO;s]sf] 5, +@ / CTEVT cGtu{tsf ljleGg programs of hg:t/af6 of t lghL :t/af6 ;~rflnt 5g\ . ;/sf/n] s]an ltgLx?sf] s]Gb|Lo lgsfox? lgdf{0f / ;~rfngsf nflu dfq nufgL ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;f] x'g' ljlQs} +@ / CTEVT cGtu{tsf ljleGg programs vf]Ng]b]lv ;~rfng ug]{;Dddf of t hgtfsf] of t lghL JolQm jf JolQm ;d"xsf] cfly{s nufgL / bfloTj x'g'kg]{5 . To:tf] nufgL k|sf/fGt/n] ljBfyL{x? jf pgLx?sf] cleefjsaf6 p7fOg'k5{ jf p7fOg]5 .
$= lj1fg tyf k|fljlws ljifox? wgL–ljBfyL{x?n] dfq k9\g ;Sg] M
;/sfn] cfly{s nufgL gu/]kl5 hg:t/ jf lghL :t/af6 vf]lng] / ;~rflnt x'g] ;a} +@ / CTEVT cGtu{tsf lzIff dxËf] x'g]5 . To;df klg lj1fg tyf k|fljlws ljifosf] lzIff ul/a ljBfyL{x?n] k9\g} g;Sg] cj:yf x'g]5 . lsgeg], cfly{s cefjb]lv lnP/ clt cfjZos z}lIfs Pj+ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf ;fdu|Lx?, of]Uo lzIfs Pj+ sd{rf/Lx? cflb h'6fpg c;+ej k|foM x'g] ePsf]n] b'u{d, kxf8 / ufpFdf ;fwf/0f ljoox? dfq k9fO{ x'g]5 eg] lj1fg tyf k|fljlws ljifoox? zx/x?df dfq s]lGb|t x'g]5 . zx/df v'n]sf lj1fg tyf k|fljlws ljifox?sf z'Ns ul/a ljBfyL{x?n] dfq xf]Og dWod ju{sf ljBfyL{x?n] klg ltg{ g;Sg] vfnsf] x'g]5 . h:tf], s]xL z}lIfs ;+:yfsf] z'Ns–;+/rgfnfO{ x]bf{ klg Tof] s'/f k|i6 x'g ;lsG5 M
· ;fOG; -8ga:sf]_– !! sIffsf] aif{sf] hDdf z'Ns–?=$(*)).–÷Ps dxLgfdf kg]{ cf};t z'Ns–?= $!%).–
· OlGhlgol/ª -School of GEOMATICS)– tLg aif{sf] hDdf z'Ns– !,$@,))).–÷ Ps dxLgfdf kg]{ cf};t z'Ns–?= #($$=$$ .
· gl;{ª -cf]d_– tLg aif{sf] hDdf z'Ns–@*$@)).–÷ Ps dxLgfdf kg]{ cf};t z'Ns– ?= &*($=$$ .
· clws[tsf] k|f/lDes tna–?= !!$%).–
-pQm tYofÍsf] af/]d w]/} elg/xg' h?/L 5}g, To;nfO{ x]g{ ljlQs} ;a}n] ;lhn} lgisif{ lgsfNg ;S5g\ ls, pQm z'Ns lt/]/ lj1fg / k|fljlws lzIff k9\g ul/a tyf dWod ju{sf ljBfyL{x?n] ;Sg] 5}gg\ . _
ca csf]{lt/ ;/sf/L C.L. sf] z'Ns ;+/rgf x]/f}F M
· ;fOG; -c:sn_– k|yd aif{sf] z'Ns–?= @&))–÷ Ps dxLgfdf kg]{ cf};t z'Ns– ?= @@%.–
· OlGhlgol/ª-yfkfynL_– tLg aif{sf] hDdf z'Ns–?=*)%*.–÷ Ps dxLgfdf kg]{ cf};t z'Ns– ?= @@#=*#.–
-tYoaf6 ;lhn} yfxf kfpg ;lsG5, ;/sf/L C.L., ;fOG; tyf k|fljlws ljifodf klg slt ;:tf] 5 eg]/ . _
%= ul/a ljBfyL{x?sf] kxF'r ;fwf/0f laifodf klg 36\g] ;+efjgfM
;du|tfdf s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] ul/a ljBfyL{x?sf] kxF'r t ;fwf/0f ljifox?df klg 36\g] ;+efjgf x'G5 . vf;u/L, dfly elgP h:t} ufpF–3/sf ljBfyL{x? clwsfFzn] +2 k9\gsf cGoq hfg'kbf{ ef]Ug'kg]{ cfly{s nufotsf ;d:ofx? C.L. system x'Fbf h:t} afFsL /x]g t/ lzIf0f z'Ns rflxF C.L. system eGbf sof}F u'0ff a9L x'g] sf/0fn] ToxfFsf ul/a ljBfyL{x?n] ;fwf/0f ljifosf +2 klg k9\gnfO{ sl7gfO{ kg]{ lglZrt 5 .
+2 systemdf hfFbf zx/sf ljBfyL{x?sf kx'Fr ;fwf/0f lzIffaf6 ;d]t 36\g] ;+efjgf a9L x'g] 5 . lsgeg], C.L. x'Fbf zx/sf ul/a ljBfyL{x?n] ;fx|} ;:tf] z'Sndf ;f] tx k9\g] cj;/ kfO/x]sf lyP eg] zx/df ;fwf/0f ljifosf +2 sf] z'Ns klg lgs} dxËf] 5 . cem /fd|f k9fO{ x'g] elgPsf +2x?sf] z'Ns ;fwf/0f laifodf klg ul/a ljBfyL{x?n] cfF6} ug{ g;Sg] 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu oxfF Pp6f–Pp6f lghL / ;/sf/L z}lIfs ;+:Yffsf] z'Ns ;+/rgf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
· Joj:yfkg -8ga:sf]_– Ps aif{sf] hDdf z'Ns –$),&)).– ÷ Ps dxLgfdf kg]{ cf};t z'Ns–?= ##(!=^^ .
· Joj:yfkg -;/:jtL_– k|yd aif{sf] hDdf z'Ns– ?= !*^).– Ps dxLgfdf kg]{ cf};t z'Ns–?=!%% .–
-tYo cfkm} af]N5 _
gf]6M lqe"jg ljZjljBfnon] tf]s]sf] z'Ns C.L. k|yd aif{sf] hDdf z'Ns ? !)%).– dfq 5 .
^= z}lIfs Aofkfl/s/0f / cfly{s zf]if0fM
Aofkfkl/s p2]Zon] cyjf d'gfkmf sdfpg] x]]]t'n] clwsflws +@ / CTEVT cGtu{tsf ljleGg programs lghL :t/af6 vf]lng] / To;} cg';f/ ;~rflnt x'g]5g\ . z}lIfs / ;]jfd'vLeGbf Aofkfl/s p2]Zo a9L /flvPkl5 To:tf z}lIfs ;+:yfx?n] ljleGg ljs[ltx? z'? ug]{ ;+efjgf ;d]t Psflt/ /xG5 eg] csf]{lt/ ltgLx?n] k|ToIf ?kd} ljBfyL{–cleefjsdfly cfly{s zf]if0f ug]{5g\ . x'gt lghL z}lIfs ;+:yf ;~rfnsx?n] o; s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{gg\ / eGg] u5{g\, Cost Recovery -nfutk'/0f_ ug]{ u/L dfq ljBfyL{x?af6 z'Ns lng] ul/Psf] 5 t/ oyfy{tfdf pgLx?dWo] clwsfFzn] Cost plus dfq xf]Og Cost Plus plus... x'g] u/L z'Ns p7fpg] u5{g\ .
&= c;Gt'ng pTkGg x'g]M
;/sf/n] cfly{s nufotsf cGo cfjZos blfoTj lng] xf] eg] b]znfO{ s'g ljifosf] slt hgzlQm cfjZos 5, s'g 7fpFdf s:tf] / slt z}lIfs ;+:yf cfjZos 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ Vofn u/]/ of]hgfut 9Ën] +@ / CTEVT cGtu{tsf programs vf]Ng / ;~rfng ug{ ;+ej x'g] lyof] . t/ ;/sf/ cfly{s nufgL nufot nueu ;Dk"0f{ bfloTjaf6 efUg] ePkl5 c?nfO{ cyjf hgtf / lghL nufgLstf{x?nfO{ of] 7fpFdf o:tf] ljifosf] olt j6f +@ jf CTEVT cGtu{tsf programs ;~rfng u/ eg]/ lgb]{zg ug{ / ;f] lgb]{zgnfO{ dfGg afWo kfg{ ;+ej 5}g . s]xL xb;Dd pRr lzIff dfWolds lzIff kl/ifbn] lbg] ;DaGwgsf] dfWodaf6 To:tf] ;Gt'ng ldnfpg] sf]lzz x'g ;S5 t/ Tof] ;kmn x'g ;+ej 5}g . To;f] x'g'ljlQs} hgtf / gLhL nufgLstf{x?n] cfkm\gf] ?lr, cfjZostf / ;'ljwf cg';f/ To:tf z}lIfs ;+:yfx? vf]Ng / ;~rfng ug{]5g\\ . h;n] ubf{ Psflt/ If]qLo / ljBfyL{x?sf] ;+Vof;Fu ;Gt'ng ldNg] u/L / csf]{lt/ hgzlQm pTkfbgdf ;Gt'ng x'g] u/L To:tf z}lIfs ;+:yfx? vf]lng] ;+efjgf x'Fb}g . hgzlQm pTkfbgdf ;Gt'ng ldn]g eg] b]zsf] ;~rfng / ljsf;sf] sfdd} klg ;d:of cfOkg]{ lglZrt} 5 . sd ePsf] hgzlQm dxËf]df aflx/L d'n'saf6 Nofpg'kg]{ / a9L ePsf] hgzlQm b]zleq glaSg] l:ylt aGg]5 .
*= ljZjljBfnosf lzIfs–sd{rf/Lsf] Aoj:yfkgdf ;d:of
olb ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;Dk"0f{ ?kn] C.L. phase out ug]{ xf] eg] ToxfF sfo{/t lzIfs–sd{rf/Lx?sf ;+Vof÷ef/ tTsfnsf nflu cfjZostfeGbf Psbd} a9L x'g]5 . tYofÍ x]bf{ klg s] b]lvG5 eg], ljBfyL{x?sf] ;+Vof klg C.L. df nueu %) k|ltzt 5 / lzIfsx?–sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;+Vof klg To:t} %) k|ltzts} xf/fxf/Ldf . o; tYofÍsf] cfwf/df ;f]em} eGg ;lsG5, k"0f{ ?kn] C.L. phase out ul/Fbf ljZjljBfnodf nueu %) k|ltzt lzIfs–sd{rf/Lx?sf] ef/ tTsfnsf nflu a9L x'g]5 . To:tf] ef/ tTsfnsf nflu dfq xf]Og plrt 9Ën] Joj:yfkg ug{ g;Sg] eg] kl5sf lbgdf klg sfod} /xg]5 . t/ To:tf] ef/nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug'{ Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g, lsgls, Joj:yfkgsf l;ldt ljsNkx? 5g\ t/ tL ljsNkx? s'g} k"0f{ ?kn] sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sg] vfnsf 5g\ eg] s'g} clk|o vfnsf 5g\ . h:tf]M
klxnf] lasNk, C.L. phase out eP klg ToxfF sfo{/t lzIfs–sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ SofDk;x? d} c6fpg] sf]lzz ug]{, o;sf nflu :gfts / :gftsf]Q/ gePsf] sn]hdf tL tx ;~rfng ug]{, gofF l;km\6 vf]Ng], egf{ ;+Vof a9fpg], ldNg] ljifox? yKg], cf]e/nf]8 lnPsf lzIfs–sd{rf/Lsf] nf]8 afF8\g] h:tf sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . t/, of] ljsNkaf6 klg ;Dk"0f{ ?kn] ef/sf] Joj:yfkg x'g ;Sb}g . lsgeg], Ps t, 5f]6f] ;dodf dflyNnf] tx yKg], gofF l;km\6 vf]Ng], ljBfyL{x?sf] egf{ ;+Vof a9fpg] h:tf sfdx? x'g ;Sb}g\g, bf];|f] tL sfdx? ug{ ;Sbf klg C.L. df sfo{/t cyjf tNnf] txdf sfo{/t ;a} lzIfs–sd{rf/Lx? dflyNnf] txdf sfd ug{ ;Ifd x'Fb}gg\ . hxfF;Dd cf]e/nf]8 afF8\g] s'/f 5, Tof] ;+ej ePklg To;af6 ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg gfd dfqsf] x'G5 .
bf];|f], cGoq k'g:yf{kg ug'{ . cGoq eGgfn] lzIfsx?sf] xsdf z}lIfs ;+:yfeGbf aflx/ ;f]Rg klg ;lsFb}g xf]nf t/ sd{rf/Lx?sf] xsdf lghfdlt ;]jfdf z}lIfs ;+:yfeGbf aflx/ klg k7fpg ;lsG5 . lzIfsx?nfO{ z}lIfs ;+:yfleq} k'g:yf{kg ug]{ eGg'ljlQs} ljsNk w]/} ;fF3'/f] x'g]5 . ;/sf/sf] clxn]sf] gLlt cg';f/ t pgLx?nfO{ cGoq sxLF klg k'g:yf{kg ug{ ;lsFb}g . t/, ;/sf/L gLltdf clnslt kl/jt{g ug]{ xf] eg] clxn] ;/sf/n] pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifbsf] dfWodaf6 vf; zt{ k'/f ug]{ + @ nfO{ b'O{ hgf lzIfssf nflu tna Aoxf]g]{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 To;sf] ;§f To:tf lzIfs g} k7fpg], df= lj=sf nflu klg vf; vf; ljifosf nflu cyjf dfljsf k|wfgfWofks agfP/ To:tf lzIfs k7fpg] -dfljdf vf; vf; ljifodf / k|wfgfWofks :gftsf]Q/ ptL0f{ rflxg] k|fAwfg g} agfP/ jf tTsfnLg Aoj:yfkgsf nflu_ h:tf sfd ug{ ;lsPnf . t/ of] clt g} ljjf:kb, lj/f]wk"0f{, hl6n / c;+ej k|foM x'g]5 . lsgls, SofDk;sf lzIfsx? cGoq hfFbf ;]jf zt{x?, ;'ljwfx?, kbf]Gglt, ljleGg vfn] clwsf/, dfg;Ddfg, ljleGg vfn] cj;/ cflb af/]df k|Zg p7\g]5 . :s'nsf lzIfs / k|wfgfWofks agfP/ k7fpFbf ToxfFsf lzIfs / k|wfgfWofksnfO{+ s] ug]{ eGg] k|Zg p7\g]5 , cyjf ToxfFaf6 klg ljjfb / lj/f]w x'g] lglZrt5 .
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ z}lIfs ;+:yfeGbf aflx/ k7fp ;lsP klg Tolt 7"nf] ;+Vof c6fpg ;lsFb}g .
t];|f], dflyNnf] txdf sfd klg lbg g;;lsPsf / k'g:y{fkg ug{ klg ug{ g;lsPsf lzIfs–sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ Ifltk"lt{ lbP/ ;]jf d'Qm ug]{ csf]{ ljsNk x'g;S5 . t/ of] klg lj/f]whGo x'g'sf cltl/Qm cfly{s cj:yfn] wfGg sl7g ljsNk xf] .
rf}yf], dflysf s'g} klg ljsNk sfof{Gjog x'g g;s]df tL lzIfs–sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ sfd gu/fOsg tna–eQf v'jfP/ /fVg'kg]{5 . xfd|f] h:tf] ul/a–duGt] d'n'sn] o;f] ug'{k¥of] s:tf] la8Dagf xf]nf .
(= ljZjljBfnosf ef}lts tyf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx? a]sDdf aGg] M
C.L. ;~rfngsf nflu ljZjljBfnon] 7"nf] dfqfdf ef}lts Pj+ z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx?sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . C.L. phase out kl5 klg To:tf s]xL ;fdu|Lx? :gfts / :gftsf]Q/ sIff ;~rfng ePsf sn]hx?df s]xL xb;Dd pkof]udf cfpnf / s]xLnfO{ cGoq k|lt:yfkg u/L pkof]u ug{ ;lsPnf / sltnfO{ lalqm–a§f ug{ ;lsPnf t/ clwsfFztM a]sDdf aGg]5 . To;df klg C.L. dfq ;~rflnt sn]hx?sf] ef}lts tyf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx? nueu ;Dk"0f{ ?kn] g} a]sDdf aGg] lglZrt 5 . z}lIfs ;fdu|L dfq eGbf ;fdfGo h:tf] nfUg ;S5 t/ sltko ;fdfgx? -d"ntM lj1fg tyf k|fljlws ljifox?sf]_ sf] d"No Pp6}sf] klg s/f]8eGbf dfly kg{] klg 5 . oxfF :d/0f u/fpg] xf] eg] yfkfynL OlGhlgol/ª SofDk;af6 C.L. -pgLx/sf] efiffd l8Knf]df÷cf]e/l;o/_ phase out ug{ vf]Hbf ToxfFsf s/f}8f}Fsf] ef}lts–z}lIfs ;fdu|L s] ug]{ eGg] ;d:ofsf] sf/0f ;+ej gePsf] dfq xf]Og phase out g} gug} ;dembf/L ;d]t ag]sf] 5 .
!)= +2 sf lzIfs–sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jf–;'ljwf s:tf] xg]M
clwsfFz +@x? rfx] Tof] hg:t/af6 ;~rflnt ePsf] xf];\ rfx] lghL :t/af6 ToxfF sfo{/t lzIfs–sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf–;'ljwfsf] s'g} lglZrttf 5}g . :s]n tf]lsPsf] eP klg ;/sf/L lgo'lQm gePsf]n] ;dembf/Ldf tna–eQfsf] 6'Ëf] nufpg] ul/G5 . +@x?df clwsfFz lzIfs–sd{rf/L c:yfoL lgo'lQm sfd ul//x]sf 5g\\ . cflb .
s]xL uDeL/ k|Zgx?M
;d:ofx?sf cltl/Qm C.L phase out ug]{ / +2 Pjd\ CTEVT cGtu{tsf programs ;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf cyjf To; ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt /x]/ s]xL uDeL/ k|Zg lgDg 9Ën] p7fpg ;lsG5M
!= +@ sf] hft sf];Fu ldN5 <
+@ sf] hft sf];Fu ldN5 < eGg] k|Zg Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ k|Zg xf] lsgeg], o; k|Zgsf] hjfkm yfxf kfO;s]kl5 o;nfO{ sf];Fu /fv]/ k9fpg] eGg] s'/fsf] klg ;}4flGts 6'Ëf] nfUg ;S5, Jofjxfl/s ?kdf To; 6'Ëf] cg';f/ ul/Fb}g eg] Tof] a]Un} s'/f xf] .
clxn];Ddsf] kf7\oqmd / kf7\ok':tssf] cfwf/df eGg] xf] eg] +@ sf] hft pRr lzIff;Fu ldN5, ljBfno lzIff;Fu ldNb}g . s;/L eg], clxn];Dd xfdLn] :gftsb]lv dfly lng]–lbg] lzIff ljlzli6s[t (specialized) cyjf vf; ljifodf s]lGb|t jf lj1tf xfl;n ub}{ hfg] vfnsf] xf] eg] ljBfno lzIff ljleGg ljifodf ;fdfGo 1fg xfl;n ug]{ vfnsf] xf], clg xfdLn] clxn];Dd +@ df lng]–lbg] u/]sf] lzIff klg :gfts txb]lv dflydf h:t} ljlzli6s[t lzIff xf] ljBfnosf] h:tf] ;fdfGo lzIff xf]Og . To;} ePsf]n] :gftseGbf dfly h:t} Sciencesf] +@, management sf] +@, Educationsf] +@ === (Sciencesf] :gfts–:gftsf]Qt/, managementsf] :gfts–:gftsf]Qt/, Education sf] :gfts–:gftsf]Qt/ elgP h:t} ) elgPsf] xf] . t/, ljBfnoo lzIff ;fwf/0f lzIff ePsf]n] Sciencesf] dflj–lgdflj, managementsf] dflj–lgdflj, educationsf] dflj–lgdflj eGg] ul/Fb}g .
dflysf] s'/fsf] cfwf/df s] eGg ;lsG5 eg], +@ b]lv ljBfjfl/lw (Ph.D.);Ddsf] lzIff Ps vfnsf] cyjf ljlzli6s[t lzIff xf] eg] lzz' jf ! sIff]b]lvsf] lzIff csf]{ vfnsf] cyjf ;fwf/0f lzIff xf] cyjf +@ pRr lzIffsf] cyjf ljBfjfl/lw;Ddsf] lzIffsf] k|f/lDes tx xf] eg] sIff !) ;fwf/0f lzIffsf] ;aeGbf dflyNnf] tx xf], To;f] ePsf]n] +@ nfO{ pRr lzIffsf] kl/jf/df g} cyjf pRr lzIffsf] ;aeGbf tn /fv]/ k9fpFbf hft ldN5 t/ ;fwf/0f lzIffsf] 6fpsf]df /fv]/ k9fpg ldNb}g . olb ;fwf/0f lzIffsf] 6fpsf] dfly ljlzli6s[t lzIffsf] tNnf] tx /fv]/ k9fpg ldNg] xf] ljlzli6s[t lzIffsf] To;eGbf dflysf] tx–:gfts–:gftsf]Q/, Pd=lkmn, ljBfjfl/lw klg /fVg ldlnxfN5 . lsgeg] Tof] k|f/lDes txsf] hudf dflysf] tx p7\g÷pleg ;S5 .
+@ sf] hft ljBfno;Fu ldnfpg] xf] eg] kf7\qmd–kf7\ok':ts kl/jt{g u/Lj To;nfO{ klg ;fwf/0f lzIffdf ?kfGt/ ug{ h?/L x'G5 . t/ To;f] ug]{ xf] eg] To; txsf] ljlzi6 lzIffaf6 dWod:t/sf] ljlzi6 hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{ s'/fdf ;d:of cfpg] 5 . of] km]l/ 5'§} / nfdf] 5nkmnsf] ljifo x'g;S5 .
@= C.L. n] s] lbPg <
C.L. lzIffaf6 d'Vo b'O{ j6f p2]Zo /flvPsf] x'G5, klxnf], ;DalGwt ljifosf] dWod :t/sf] hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{, bf];|f], dflyNnf] txsf] lzIffsf nflu cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ . oL b'O j6f p2]Zo C.L. af6 k"/f ePsf] lyof] ls lyPg, eGg] s'/fsf] cfwf/df g} C.L.nfO{ phase out ug]{ s'/f l7s ls a]l7s eGg] s'/fsf] km};nf ug{ ;lsG5 .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df pNn]lvt b'O{ j6f p2]Zo C.L.af6 k"/f ePsf] lyPg eg]/ s;}n] eGg ;Sb}g . lsgeg], Psflt/ C.L. af6 pTkflbt dWo:t/sf hgzlQm sfo{If]qdf ;Ifdtfk"j{s sfd ug{ ;kmn ePs} lyP, k|fljlws ljifosf] To:tf hgzlQm ljb]zdf klg ljls/x]s} lyP csf]{lt/ C.L. ptL0f{ x'g]x?n] dflyNnf] txdf /fd}|;Fu cWoog ug{ ;ls/x]sf lyP . b]zdf dfq xf]Og ljb]zdf uP/ cWoog ubf{ klg pgLx?n] /fd|f] ug{ ;ls/x]sf lyP .
pQm 5nkmnsf] cfwf/df klg eGg ;lsG5, C.L. phase out ug]{ lg0f{o plrt lyPg÷5}g .
#= /fHo + 2 af6 dfq nufgL ug]{ s'/faf6 efUg s;/L ldN5 <
e"ldsf gafFwL eGg] xf] eg], lzz' jf ! sIff]b]lv !) sIff;Dd ;/sf/n] neue (% k|ltzteGbf dfly g} / pRr lzIffdf klg nue ()–*) k|ltzt vr{ Aoxf]b}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 eg] + @ / CTEVT cGtu{tsf lzIffdf rflxF nufgL ug]{ s'/faf6 /fHo s;/L efUg ldN5 < s] To; txdf rflxF b'Zdgx? k9\g] x'g\ <
$= s] ) +@ vf]Ng ldN5 <
olb !) sIffkl5 / :gfts cl3sf] lzIff ljleGg sf/0fn] ljBfnod} lbg'k5{, sn]hdf lbg' x'Fb}g eGg] dfGotf cl3 ;f/]/ C.L. phase out ug]{ clg !) sIff lagfsf] +2 cyjf sn]h h:t} +2 -ljBfyL{x?n] cfkm"n] k9\b} cfPsf] ljBfno 5f8\g}kg]{ vfnsf] ) + @_ dfq vf]Ng / rnfpg] s'/f s;/L ;+ultk"0f{ x'G5 <
t;y{, olb !) sIffkl5 / :gfts cl3sf] txsf] lzIff ljleGg sf/0fn] ljBfnod} lbg'k5{, sn]hdf lbg' x'Fb}g eGg] dfGotf /fVg] xf] eg] clgjfo{ ?kn] !) sIff ;lxt cyjf !) sIff rnfpg] ljBfnox?n] dfq + @ vf]Ng'k¥of], xf]Og Tof] txsf] lzIff ljBfnoeGbf aflx/ lbFbf klg x'G5 eGg] dfGotf /fVg] xf] eg] To;nfO{ sn]hdf cyjf sn]hsf] ?kdf cyjf C.L. sf] ?kdf rnfpg' k5{ . Tof]eGbf c? af6f] x'g ;Sb}g .
%= C.L., :gfts / :gftsf]Q/;Fu} + @ nfO{ rnfpg ldN5 <
dfly g} rrf{ eO;s]sf] 5, !) sIffkl5 / :gfts cl3sf] txsf] lzIff ljleGg sf/0fn] ljBfnod} lbOg'k5{, sn]hdf cyjdf dflyNnf] txsf ljBfyL{x?;Fu /fv]/ lbOg' x'Fb}g eGg] dfGotfsf] sf/0fn] g} C.L. phase out ug]{ lg0f{o ul/Psf] xf] . olb To; dfGotfnfO{ gdfGg] xf] eg] t C.L. phase out lsg ug]{ eGg] k|Zg pl7xfN5 . olb s'/f To:tf] xf] eg] + @ nfO{ C.L., :gfts / :gftsf]Q/;Fu} rnfpg s;/L ldN5 < s'g} xfntdf ldNb}g . t/ sltko z}lIfs ;+:yfx?n] To;f] ul//x]sf 5g\ .
yk leGg k|ZgM
of] k|Zg zLif{s;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . rf;f] / ;+emgf /fVg] w]/}nfO{ yfxf xf]nf, hgcfGbf]ng–@)^@÷^# kl5 b'lgofFnfO{ 5Ss kfb}{ hgcfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL /fhgLlts bnx?n] efua08f u/]/ ljleGg ljZjljBfnosf kbflwsf/Lx? lgo'lQm u/] / of] klg yfxf ePs} x'g'k5{, To;/L ul/Psf] efuj08fdf lqe"jg ljZjljBfnosf] le=l;= Pdfn]sf] efudf k/]sf] lyof] / at{dfg le=l;= Pdfn]sf] 5gf}6 / l;kmfl/z cg';f/ lgo'Qm ePsf x'g\ . of] k|;Ë pNn]v ul/P kl5 ;a}n] a'em\g / :jLsfg{ ;Sg] s'/f s] xf] eg]], ;f] kbdf jxfFsf] lgo'lQmdf jxfFsf] of]Uotf, Ifdtf / cg'ej cflbn] eGbf jxfFsf] Pdfn];Fusf] lgs6tf cyjf Pdfn]n] jxfFk|lt u/]sf] ljZjf;n] d"Vo e"ldsf v]n]sf] lyof] .
pQm 9Ën] lgo'lQm ePsf] le=l;=n] cjZo klg Pdfn]sf] gLlt / dfGotf cg';f/ sfd ug{k5{ xf]nf / Pdfn]n] klg cfkm\gf] gLlt / dfGotf cg';f/ sfd ug{ nufpg] sf]lzz u5{ xf]nf . t/, zf]lift, lkl8t / ul/a hgtfsf] lxt, k|ult, d'lQmsf nflu hlGdPsf] / To;} cg';f/ sfd ul//x]sf] / ul//xg] bfaL ug]{, xd]zf ;dfgtf / Gofosf gf/f 3Gsfpg] kf6L{ g]skf -Pdfn]_n] clxn] s} cj:yfdf cyjf clxn] s} 9Ën] C.L. phase out ug]{ sfdtkm{ cl3 a9\g cfkm\gf] l;kmfl/zdf lgo'Qm ePsf] le=l;=nfO{ lsg 5'6 lbO/x]sf] 5 < cyjf Pdfn]sf] le=l;= To;tkm{ lsg cl3 a9\g vf]Hb}5g\ < s] of] s'/f Pdfn]sf] gLlt, dfGotf / gf/f;Fu ldNbf] 5 < lsdfy{ ldNbf] 5}g . lsg ldNbf] 5}g eGg] ;To t dflysf s'/fx?af6 g} yfxf eOxfN5, yk eGg] xf] eg], C.L. phase out ubf{ ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{ / cleefjs / To;df klg ul/a ljBfyL{ / cleefjsx?nfO{ eoÍ/ df/ kg]{5, jf cGofo x'g]5, Pdfn]sf] 3flift÷n]Vo gLlt, dfGotf / gf/f pgLx?nfO{ df/ kfg]{ jf cGofo ug]{ xf]Og a? df/ / cGofoaf6 d'Qm ug]{ xf] .
csf]{lt/ kmls{g xf] eg] emg\ cg]/f:jljo' h:tf] ljBfyL{ ;+u7g C.L. phase out sf] sf]lzz eO/xFbf lsg r'krfk a:5÷a:of] < k|Zg clt uDeL/ dfq b'vb 5 . o; af/]df w]/} nfdf] s'/f ug{ h?/L 5}g, olb of] ;+u7g C.L. phase out ul/Fbf÷ug{ vf]lhFbf cyjf cGo To:t} ljifox?df h'g;'s} sf/0f-Pdfn]sf] 5gf}6 / l;kmfl/zdf lgo'Qm ePsf] le=l;=n] ug{ cfF6]sf] sfd jf lzIff dGqfno Pdfn]n] rnfO/x]sf] 5 cflb h:tf sf/0f_n] lj/f]w / cfGbf]ng ub}{g cyjf r'krfk a:5 eg] cfufdL lbgdf o:tf] ;+u7gsf] s'g} cfjZostf 5}g, o:tf] ;+u7gsf] lj36g To;} ldltdf ul/lbP x'G5, z'e sfddf lsg l9nf ug]{ . t/, cfkm}n] cfkm}nfO{ t s'g ;+u7gn] lj37g u5{ / t/ a'em\g'kg]{ s'/f s] xf] eg] cfkm}n] cfkm}nfO{ lj37g gu/] klg olb To;/L g} a:g] xf] eg] c? n] g} lj37g ul/lbg]5g\ . of] s'/f ;DalGwt ;a}n] a'em\g cfkm\g} nflu nfebfos x'g]5 .
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lgisif{df nfdf] s'/f ug{ h?/L 5}g, dfq Pp6f s'/f km]l/ klg bf]x¥ofP sfkmL x'G5, C.L. phase out lg/k]If ?kdf l7s jf a]l7s s'/f xf]Og, olb ljBfyL{, cleefjs, lzIfs, sd{rf/L, z}lIfs ;+:yf, hgtf / b]znfO{ a]kmfObf gx'g] u/L cyjf kmfObf k'Ug] u/L C.L. phase out ul/of] eg] To;nfO{ l7s eGg ;lsG5 t/ To;sf] lakl/t kl/0ffd cfpg] u/L ul/of] eg] a]l7s eGg'k5{ . g]kfndf h'g 9Ën] C.L. phase out ul/Psf] 5 / ug{{ vf]lhFb}5, To;n] w]/} kIfnfO{ a]kmfObf ug]{5 jf ul//x]sf] 5 . t;y{, clxn]s} cj:yfdf / clxn]s} tl/sfn] lsdfy{ C.L. phase out ug{ x'Fb}g . eljiodf phase out u/]/} 5f8\g] xf] eg] dfly cf}NofOPsf ;d:of / k|Zgx?sf] xn ;aeGbf klxnf ug'{k5{ . ha;Dd To;f] ul/Fb}g, To;a]nf;Dd C.L. +2 cgfjZos xNnf u/]/ cftÍ km}nfO/xg' s'g} kmfObf 5}g, phase out ug]{ t s'/} 5f8f}F .
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!= New Horizons in Eduction in Nepal-Tirth Raj Khaniya
@= Education in Dilemma- Radhaber D. Khati, Ph.D.
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